{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:35:20Z","timestamp":1770820520305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Face masks impede visual and acoustic cues that help make speech processing and language comprehension more efficient. Many studies report this phenomenon, but few examined how listeners utilize semantic information to overcome the challenges posed by face masks. Fewer still investigated this impact on bilinguals' processing of face-masked speech [Smiljanic, Keerstock, Meemann, and Ransom, S. M. (2021). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149(6), 4013\u20134023; Truong, Beck, and Weber (2021). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149(1), 142\u2013144]. Therefore, this study aims to determine how monolingual and bilingual listeners use semantic information to compensate for the loss of visual and acoustic information when the speaker is wearing a mask. A lexical priming experiment tested how monolingual listeners and early-acquiring simultaneous bilingual listeners responded to video of English word pairs. The prime-target pairs were either strongly related, weakly related, or unrelated and were both either masked or unmasked. Analyses of reaction time results showed an overall effect of masking in both groups and an effect of semantic association strength on processing masked and unmasked speech. However, speaker groups were not different; subsequent analyses of difference values showed no effect of semantic context. These results illustrate the limited role of word-level semantic information on processing in adverse listening conditions. Results are discussed in light of semantic processing at the sentence level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0020723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T12:27:14Z","timestamp":1692793634000},"page":"1202-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The use of lexical semantics for processing face-masked speech in monolinguals and bilinguals"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iyad","family":"Ghanim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders and Deafness, Kean University , Union, New Jersey 07083, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Perovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders and Deafness, Kean University , Union, New Jersey 07083, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082312244448200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2642103","article-title":"Semantic and phonetic enhancements for speech-in-noise recognition by native and non-native listeners","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-021-00314-0","article-title":"Face mask type affects audiovisual speech intelligibility and subjective listening effort in young and older adults","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Res.: Princ. Implic."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2155","article-title":"The processing of audio-visual speech: Empirical and neural bases","volume":"363","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R Soc. B."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000547","article-title":"Predicting upcoming information in native-language and non-native-language auditory word recognition","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bilingualism"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.06.101","article-title":"Multiple effects of sentential constraint on word processing","volume":"1146","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2004.05.002","article-title":"An insight into listeners' problems: Too much bottom-up or too much top-down?","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1104.796","article-title":"Confusions among visually perceived consonants","volume":"11","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2012.701758","article-title":"Seeing the initial articulatory gestures of a word triggers lexical access","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Process."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2022.108691","article-title":"Acoustic markers of vowels produced with different types of face masks","volume":"191","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204166952199839","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669521998393","article-title":"Unmasking the difficulty of listening to talkers with masks: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2020.00044","article-title":"Mask-wearing increased after a government recommendation: A natural experiment in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Commun."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728909990150","article-title":"Native-language benefit for understanding speech-in-noise: The contribution of semantics","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biling.: Lang. Cogn."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15011.gru","article-title":"Coreference and discourse coherence in L2","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"LAB."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c14","article-title":"Lip movements and lexical features improve speech tracking differently for clear and multi-speaker speech","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119044","article-title":"Masking of the mouth area impairs reconstruction of acoustic speech features and higher-level segmentational features in the presence of a distractor speaker","volume":"252","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207452","article-title":"Listener characteristics modulate the semantic processing of native vs. foreign-accented speech","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.1.209","article-title":"The temporal distribution of information in audiovisual spoken-word identification","volume":"72","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.4.2.05kaa","article-title":"Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1: What is different?","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"LAB."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381436","article-title":"Development of a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictability","volume":"61","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326950dp3902%26;3_2","article-title":"An overview of top-down and bottom-up effects in comprehension: The CI perspective","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Discourse Process."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(03)00058-7","article-title":"The role of proficiency on processing categorical and associative information in the L2 as revealed by reaction times and event-related brain potentials","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104645","article-title":"Language learning experience and mastering the challenges of perceiving speech in noise","volume":"196","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728916000444","article-title":"How bilinguals listen in noise: Linguistic and non-linguistic factors","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biling.: Lang. Cogn."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00328","article-title":"Dissociating N400 effects of prediction from association in single-word contexts","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2022.03.005","article-title":"Facemask occlusion's impact on L2 listening comprehension","volume":"139","year":"2022","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4003.686","article-title":"Age of second-language acquisition and perception of speech in noise","volume":"40","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195588","article-title":"The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Meth. Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S014271640606036X","article-title":"Effects of bilingualism, noise, and reverberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Psycholinguist."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.025","article-title":"Rhythm's gonna get you: Regular meter facilitates semantic sentence processing","volume":"50","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000016","article-title":"Is it really robust?: Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution assumption","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879156","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.879156","article-title":"Semantic cues modulate children's and adults' processing of audio-visual face mask speech","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0081)","article-title":"Perception of acoustically degraded sentences in bilingual listeners who differ in age of English acquisition","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech\n Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/10-0240)","article-title":"Contribution of linguistic variables to bilingual listeners' perception of degraded English sentences","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Speech\n Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.06.007","article-title":"The costs (and benefits) of effortful listening on context processing: A simultaneous electrophysiology, pupillometry, and behavioral study","volume":"142","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90356-X","article-title":"Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity","volume":"20","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. verbal learn. verbal behave."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005191","article-title":"Face masks and speaking style affect audio-visual word recognition and memory of native and non-native speech","volume":"149","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246842","article-title":"Effects of face masks on speech recognition in multi-talker babble noise","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0002951","article-title":"The impact of face masks on the recall of spoken sentences","volume":"149","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2010.08.006","article-title":"The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-011-0103-2","article-title":"Semantic context effects in the comprehension of reduced pronunciation variants","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233121652110276","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165211027688","article-title":"Listening effort is not the same as speech intelligibility score","volume":"25","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2023082312244448200_c43","article-title":"The adverse effect of wearing a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic and benefits of wearing transparent face masks and using clear speech on speech intelligibility","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/2\/1202\/18096144\/1202_1_10.0020723.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/2\/1202\/18096144\/1202_1_10.0020723.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T12:27:18Z","timestamp":1692793638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/154\/2\/1202\/2907916\/The-use-of-lexical-semantics-for-processing-face"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0020723","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}}}