{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:55:44Z","timestamp":1787496944893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DC020240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC020240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this computational study is to quantify global effects of vocal tract constriction at various locations (false vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds, pharynx, oral cavity, and lips) on the voice source across a large range of vocal fold conditions. The results showed that while inclusion of a uniform vocal tract had notable effects on the voice source, further constricting the vocal tract only had small effects except for conditions of extreme constriction, at which constrictions at any location along the vocal tract decreased the mean and peak-to-peak amplitude of the glottal flow waveform. Although narrowing in the epilarynx increased the normalized maximum flow declination rate, vocal tract constriction in general slightly reduced the source strength and high-frequency harmonic production at the glottis, except for a limited set of vocal fold conditions (e.g., soft, long vocal folds subject to relatively high pressure). This suggests that simultaneous laryngeal and vocal tract adjustments are required to maximize source-filter interaction. While vocal tract adjustments are often assumed to improve voice production, our results indicate that such improvements are mainly due to changes in vocal tract acoustic response rather than improved voice production at the glottis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0021879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1697703863000},"page":"2462-2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The influence of source-filter interaction on the voice source in a three-dimensional computational model of voice production"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA School of Medicine , 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011712535737700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(92)90005-R","article-title":"Glottal wave analysis with pitch synchronous iterative adaptive inverse filtering","volume":"11","year":"1992","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0418","article-title":"Ventricular-fold dynamics in human phonation","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2977740","article-title":"Influence of a constriction in the near field of the vocal folds: Physical modeling and experimental validation","volume":"124","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30711-9","article-title":"Effects of a vocal-tract constriction on the glottal source: Experimental and modelling studies","volume":"14","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2005.01.008","article-title":"Voice source differences between registers in female musical theater singers","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL65","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001585","article-title":"Effects of consonantal constrictions on voice quality","volume":"148","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2011.04.009","article-title":"Effects of the epilarynx area on vocal fold dynamics and the primary voice signal","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.04.007","article-title":"The influence of epilarynx area on vocal fold dynamics","volume":"135","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005432","article-title":"Are source-filter interactions detectable in classical singing during vowel glides?","volume":"149","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preliminaries to analysis of the human voice source","volume":"23","year":"1982","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL172","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4959965","article-title":"Experimental validation of a three-dimensional reduced-order continuum model of phonation","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4944474","article-title":"Modeling the voice source in terms of spectral slopes","volume":"139","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3203.556","article-title":"Spectral correlates of glottal voice source waveform characteristics","volume":"32","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3518766","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances in singing: Strategies used by sopranos, altos, tenors, and baritones","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2022.10.004","article-title":"Dynamic system coupling in voice production","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3120369","article-title":"Bifurcations and chaos in voice signals","volume":"46","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c17","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Multiple Comparison Procedures","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396829","article-title":"Glottal airflow and transglottal air pressure measurements for male and female speakers in soft, normal, and loud voice","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1972.tb02651.x","article-title":"Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model of the vocal cords","volume":"51","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Technical J."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/427116a","article-title":"Tuning of vocal tract resonance by sopranos","volume":"427","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.021","article-title":"Effect of the ventricular folds in a synthetic larynx model","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2017.04.002","article-title":"Effects of vertical glottal duct length on intraglottal pressures and phonation threshold pressure in the uniform glottis","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0210051","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044033","article-title":"A reduced-order flow model for fluid\u2013structure interaction simulation of vocal fold vibration","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041907","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0146162","article-title":"Gender in human phonation: Fluid\u2013structure interaction and vocal fold morphology","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(88)80019-5","article-title":"Effect of the vocal tract yielding sidewall on inverse filter analysis of the glottal waveform","volume":"2","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4894789","article-title":"Study of the effects of vocal tract constriction on glottal vibration","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c27","unstructured":"Montequin, \nD. A. (2003). \u201c\nDeveloping a methodology to study the effect of the epilarynx tube on phonation threshold pressure and driving pressure,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, \nUniversity of Iowa, \nIowa City, IA."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919175","article-title":"Modal locking between vocal fold oscillations and vocal tract acoustics","volume":"104","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Acust. united Ac."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1406498","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of irregular vocal fold oscillations: Biphonation due to desynchronization of spatial modes","volume":"110","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c30","first-page":"305","article-title":"Acoustic interaction between the glottal source and the vocal tract","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vocal Fold Physiology"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c31","first-page":"1","article-title":"An interactive model for the voice source","volume":"22","year":"1981","journal-title":"STL-QPSR"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4896459","article-title":"Perceptual consequences of changes in epilaryngeal area and shape","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c33","unstructured":"Story, \nB. H. (1995). \u201c\nPhysiologically-based speech simulation using an enhanced wave-reflection model of the vocal tract,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, \nUniversity of Iowa, \nIowa City, IA."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.1998.0076","article-title":"Parameterization of vocal tract area functions by empirical orthogonal modes","volume":"26","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914609","article-title":"Articulatory interpretation of the \u2018singing formant,\u2019","volume":"55","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c36","first-page":"95","article-title":"An effect of source-filter interaction on amplitudes of source spectrum partials","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.12.002","article-title":"Formant tuning strategies in professional male opera singers","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031106","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054194","article-title":"Optimization of synthetic vocal fold models for glottal closure","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Med. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910","article-title":"The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds","volume":"83","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1417526","article-title":"Regulating glottal airflow in phonation: Application of the maximum power transfer theorem to a low dimensional phonation model","volume":"111","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/035)","article-title":"Voice training and therapy with a semi-occluded vocal tract: Rationale and scientific underpinnings","volume":"49","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2832339","article-title":"Nonlinear source\u2013filter coupling in phonation: Theory","volume":"123","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2616543","article-title":"Sensitivity of source\u2013filter interaction to specific vocal tract shapes","volume":"24","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio. Speech. Lang. Process."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418246","article-title":"Acoustic interactions of the voice source with the lower vocal tract","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3299201","article-title":"Biomechanical modeling of register transitions and the role of vocal tract resonators","volume":"127","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.03.008","article-title":"Vocal exercise may attenuate acute vocal fold inflammation","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0014949","article-title":"Comparison of one-dimensional and three-dimensional glottal flow models in left-right asymmetric vocal fold conditions","volume":"152","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3514536","article-title":"Observation and analysis of in vivo vocal fold tissue instabilities produced by nonlinear source-filter coupling: A case study","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2409491","article-title":"Influence of acoustic loading on an effective single mass model of the vocal folds","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906272","article-title":"Regulation of glottal closure and airflow in a three-dimensional phonation model: Implications for vocal intensity control","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4964509","article-title":"Mechanics of human voice production and control","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5008497","article-title":"Effect of vocal fold stiffness on voice production in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5053116","article-title":"Vocal instabilities in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5116138","article-title":"Vocal fold contact pressure in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001796","article-title":"Laryngeal strategies to minimize vocal fold contact pressure and their effect on voice production","volume":"148","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025201","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003393","article-title":"Interaction between epilaryngeal and laryngeal adjustments in regulating vocal fold contact pressure","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009616","article-title":"Estimating subglottal pressure and vocal fold adduction from the produced voice in a single subject study","volume":"151","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0012365","article-title":"Oral vibratory sensations during voice production at different laryngeal and semi-occluded vocal tract configurations","volume":"152","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2023.02.021","article-title":"Vocal fold vertical thickness in human voice production and control: A review","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4739437","article-title":"Asymmetric vibration in a two-layer vocal fold model with left-right stiffness asymmetry: Experiment and simulation","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1506159","article-title":"Experimental verification of the quasi-steady approximation for aerodynamic sound generation by pulsating jets in tubes","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2225682","article-title":"The influence of subglottal acoustics on laboratory models of phonation","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.11.009","article-title":"Influence of vocal fold stiffness and acoustic loading on flow-induced vibration of a single-layer vocal fold model","volume":"322","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"2024011712535737700_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9630-9","article-title":"A computational study of the effect of false vocal folds on glottal flow and vocal fold vibration during phonation","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/4\/2462\/18504943\/2462_1_10.0021879.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/4\/2462\/18504943\/2462_1_10.0021879.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:54:07Z","timestamp":1705478047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/154\/4\/2462\/2917759\/The-influence-of-source-filter-interaction-on-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0021879","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}