{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1779339619559,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine whether the threshold of velopharyngeal (VP) coupling area at which listeners switch from identifying a consonant as a stop to a nasal in North American English was different for speech produced by a model based on an adult male, an adult female, and a 4-year-old child. V1CV2 stimuli were generated with a speech production model that encodes phonetic segments as relative acoustic targets imposed on an underlying vocal tract and laryngeal structure that can be scaled according to sex and age. Each V1CV2 was synthesized with a set of VP coupling functions whose maximum area ranged from 0 to 0.1\u2009cm2. Results showed that scaling the vocal tract and vocal folds had essentially no effect on the VP coupling area at which listener identification shifted from stop to nasal. The range of coupling areas at which the crossover occurred was 0.037\u20130.049\u2009cm2 for the male model, 0.040\u20130.055\u2009cm2 for the female model, and 0.039\u20130.052\u2009cm2 for the 4-year-old child model, and overall mean was 0.044\u2009cm2. Calculations of band limited peak nasalance indicated that 85% peak nasalance during the consonant was well aligned with listener responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0023958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T14:06:31Z","timestamp":1702649191000},"page":"3741-3759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The relation of velopharyngeal coupling area and vocal tract scaling to identification of stop-nasal cognates"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721-0071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Bunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721-0071, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121814562487900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1121\/1.386781","article-title":"Vowel height and the perception of consonantal nasality","volume":"70","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c2","volume-title":"Guidelines for Audiological Screening","author":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association","year":"1997"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387809","article-title":"Cross-language study of perception of the oral-nasal distinction","volume":"71","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1597\/04-103","article-title":"Estimation of transpalatal nasalance during production of voiced stop consonants by noncleft speakers using an oral-nasal mask","volume":"43","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1597\/13-126","article-title":"Effects of nasal port area on perception of nasality and measures of nasalance based on computational modeling","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3033740","article-title":"Identification of synthetic vowels based on selected vocal tract area functions","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL146","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3313921","article-title":"Identification of synthetic vowels based on a time-varying model of the vocal tract area function","volume":"127","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1597\/11-131","article-title":"The relation of nasality and nasalance to nasal port area based on a computational model","volume":"49","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2021.0020","article-title":"Planting the seed for sound change: Evidence from real-time MRI of velum kinematics in German","volume":"97","year":"2021","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388251","article-title":"Segmental durations in connected speech signals: Preliminary results","volume":"72","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1991_028_0184_uonaad_2.3.co_2","article-title":"Use of nasometry as a diagnostic tool for identifying patients with velopharyngeal impairment","volume":"28","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410150","article-title":"Morphological and acoustical analysis of the nasal and the paranasal cavities","volume":"96","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c13","first-page":"121","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of vocal tract resonance modes","year":"1975"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414967","article-title":"Some acoustic features of nasal and nasalized vowels: A target for vowel nasalization","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(74)90032-8","article-title":"Quantitative and graphic analysis of prosthetic treatment for \u2018nasalance\u2019 in speech","volume":"32","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Prosth. Dent."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1137\/0717021","article-title":"Monotone piecewise cubic interpolation","volume":"17","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIAM J. Num. Anal."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c17","first-page":"393","article-title":"Analyzing children's speech: An acoustic study of consonants and consonant-vowel transition","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/005)","article-title":"Open source software for experiment design and control","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c19","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0","author":"IBM Corp.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31460-3","article-title":"Speech segment durations in sentence recitations by children and adults","volume":"8","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"060005","DOI":"10.1121\/2.0001048","article-title":"Velopharyngeal control for speech in children with cochlear implants: Nasalance data in Greek VCV disyllables","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Mtgs. Acoust."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/13.4.311","article-title":"Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children","volume":"13","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665618767107","article-title":"Guideline values for minimum nasal cross-sectional area in children","volume":"55","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4927561","article-title":"The effects of physiological adjustments on the perceptual and acoustical characteristics of simulated laryngeal vocal tremor","volume":"138","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c25","unstructured":"Liljencrants, J. (1985). \u201c Speech synthesis with a reflection-type line analog,\u201d Doctoral dissertation, Department of Speech Communication and Music Acoustics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c26","first-page":"911","article-title":"The role of the sinus cavities in the production of nasal vowels","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2722220","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of nasalized vowels based on magnetic resonance imaging data","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0194)","article-title":"Relation of perceived breathiness to laryngeal kinematics and acoustic measures based on computational modeling","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(2003)040&lt;0158:PFMFSN&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pressure-flow measurements for selected nasal sound segments produced by normal children and adolescents","volume":"40","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c30","unstructured":"Story, B. H. (1995). \u201c Physiologically-based speech simulation using an enhanced wave-reflection model of the vocal tract,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2151802","article-title":"Technique for \u2018tuning\u2019 vocal tract area functions based on acoustic sensitivity functions","volume":"119","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2012.10.005","article-title":"Phrase-level speech simulation with an airway modulation model of speech production","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Speech Lang."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0127)","article-title":"Relation of vocal tract shape, formant transitions, and stop consonant identification","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2016.12.001","article-title":"An acoustically-driven vocal tract model for stop consonant production","volume":"87","year":"2017","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5127756","article-title":"A model of speech production based on the acoustic relativity of the vocal tract","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0007223","article-title":"The relation of velopharyngeal coupling area to the identification of stop versus nasal consonants in North American English based on speech generated by acoustically-driven vocal tract modulations","volume":"150","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423298","article-title":"Vocal tract area functions for an adult female speaker based on volumetric imaging","volume":"104","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5038264","article-title":"An age-dependent vocal tract model for males and females based on anatomic measurements","volume":"143","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5108889","article-title":"Pharyngeal flow simulations during sibilant sound in a patient-specific model with velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"145","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02356-4","article-title":"Change in aeroacoustic sound mechanism during sibilant sound with different velopharyngeal opening sizes","volume":"59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c41","unstructured":"The MathWorks Inc. (2023). \u201c MATLAB version 9.14.0 (R2022b)\u201d ( The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA), available at https:\/\/www.mathworks.com (Last viewed October 1, 2023)."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1121\/1.390530","article-title":"Parameterization of the glottal area, glottal flow, and vocal fold contact area","volume":"75","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397959","article-title":"Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1417526","article-title":"Regulating glottal airflow in phonation: Application of the maximum power transfer theorem to a low dimensional phonation model","volume":"111","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c45","first-page":"197","volume-title":"The Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5131271","article-title":"Corner vowels in males and females ages 4 to 20 years: Fundamental and F1\u2013F4 formant frequencies","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196402000-00005","article-title":"Velopharyngeal orifice size and upper pharyngeal pressure-flow patterns in normal speech","volume":"33","year":"1964","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c49","first-page":"279","article-title":"Perci: A method for rating palatal efficiency","volume":"16","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90141-6","article-title":"A quantitative technique for assessing nasal airway impairment","volume":"86","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c51","first-page":"119","article-title":"Aerodynamics of nasalization","volume-title":"Phonetics and Phonology: Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum","author":"Huffman","year":"1993"},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3203.566","article-title":"The speech regulating system: Temporal and aerodynamic responses to velopharyngeal inadequacy","volume":"32","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2023121814562487900_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_PERSP-19-00029","article-title":"The use of the nasometer and interpretation of nasalance scores","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. ASHA SIGs."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/6\/3741\/18266862\/3741_1_10.0023958.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/154\/6\/3741\/18266862\/3741_1_10.0023958.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T14:56:41Z","timestamp":1702911401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/154\/6\/3741\/2930186\/The-relation-of-velopharyngeal-coupling-area-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0023958","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}