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The dynamic formant trajectory was modeled using discrete cosine transform coefficients to demonstrate the time-varying properties of formant trajectories. A discriminant analysis was employed to illustrate the extent to which Chinese EFL learners relied on different acoustic parameters. This study found that: (1) Chinese EFL learners overemphasized durational differences and weakened spectral differences for the \/i-\u026a\/, \/u-\u028a\/, and \/\u0251-\u028c\/ pairs, although they maintained sufficient spectral differences for \/\u00e6-\u03b5\/. In contrast, native English speakers predominantly used spectral differences across all four pairs; (2) in non-low tense-lax contrasts, unlike native English speakers, Chinese EFL learners failed to exhibit different F1 slope values, indicating a non-nativelike tongue-root placement during the articulatory process. The findings underscore the contribution of dynamic spectral patterns to the differentiation between English tense and lax vowels, and reveal the influence of precise articulatory gestures on the realization of the tense-lax contrast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0025931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T12:20:02Z","timestamp":1715170802000},"page":"3071-3089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Acoustic analysis of English tense and lax vowels: Comparing the production between Mandarin Chinese learners and native English speakers"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Tianjin University , Tianjin, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Tianjin University , Tianjin, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050812195719100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1795335","article-title":"A comparison of vowel normalization procedures for language variation research","volume":"116","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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