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This RF was used to calculate the area function of the ear canal versus distance along its centerline. Acoustical reflectance was calculated in the frequency domain from the RF, as was the difference in sound pressure level near the tympanic membrane relative to the probe tip. Group responses in area function, total ear-canal length, absorbance and group delay, and admittance magnitude and phase were analyzed based on sex, ear, and age. Responses were compared between children\/adults and younger\/older adults relative to age 50\u2009years. Ear and sex were never significant. Significant differences were observed in children compared to adults in the area function, absorbance and group delay, and admittance magnitude and phase (0.25\u20134\u2009kHz). Group delay differed between younger and older adults. A second experiment assessed level dependence of responses to better understand limitations in probe performance observed in the main experiment. These results show the utility of time-domain measurements of the area function and derived reflectance to understand sound-transmission differences across age at frequencies important to middle-ear function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0032455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T12:12:57Z","timestamp":1729512777000},"page":"2709-2726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reflection function, reflectance, and area function measurements in ears of children and adults"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas H.","family":"Keefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boys Town National Research Hospital 1 , 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis F.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boys Town National Research Hospital 1 , 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boys Town National Research Hospital 1 , 555 North 30th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center 2 , Omaha, Nebraska 68198,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102112125331900_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397174","article-title":"Alternatives to the impulse response h(t) to describe the acoustical behavior of conical ducts","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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