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However, recently, a body of empirical research has established that language is embodied and contains iconicity. Sound symbolism, an intrinsic link language users perceive between word sound and properties of referents, is a representative example of iconicity in language and has offered profound insights into theories of language pertaining to language processing, language acquisition, and evolution. However, on what basis people detect iconicity between sound and meaning has not yet been made clear. One way to address this question is to ask whether one needs to be able to hear sound to detect sound symbolism. Here, it is shown that (1) deaf-and-Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) participants, even those with profound hearing loss, could judge the sound symbolic match between shapes and words at the same level of accuracy as hearing participants do; and (2) restriction of articulatory movements negatively affects DHH individuals' judgments. The results provided support for the articulatory theory of sound symbolism and lead to a possibility that linguistic symbols may have emerged through iconic mappings across different sensory modality\u2014in particular, oral gesture and sensory experience of the world in the case of speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0034832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1736518153000},"page":"137-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Does sound symbolism need sound?: The role of articulatory movement in detecting iconicity between sound and meaning"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University 1 , Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotaro","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Warwick 2 , Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7467-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimi","family":"Akita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Linguistics, Nagoya University 3 , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2271-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noburo","family":"Saji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University 4 , Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Ohba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University 5 , Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Namatame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Apparel and Space Design, Kyoto Women's University 6 , Kyoto, Kyoto 605-8501,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011014090545600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000038","article-title":"From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics","volume":"28","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. 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