{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:08:18Z","timestamp":1778090898146,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fuzhou Chinese (Fuzhounese), a variety of Eastern Min, is known for its tone-vowel interaction. The tones \/21, 241, 24\/ are associated with lower, diphthongal vowels and non-modal phonation, while tones \/44, 51, 32, 5\/ are associated with higher, monophthongal vowels and modal phonation. This study tests the hypothesis, based on the laryngeal articulator model (Esling et al., 2019), that epilaryngeal constriction responsible for non-modal phonation mediates vowel quality alternation due to articulatory synergy with lingual retraction. The most common phonation type observed among 18 speakers is harsh voice (with occasional aryepiglottic trilling). Creaky and modal voice, and less often ventricular or whispery voice, are also observed. Spectral tilt and noise measures reveal that noise (cepstral peak prominence and harmonic-to-noise ratio) is most reliable in distinguishing modal from non-modal tones. The only spectral tilt measure that does so is H2\u2013H4, while H1\u2013H2 differentiates subtypes of constricted phonation. The relationship between phonation and vowel quality is also examined. Noisier phonation is associated with higher F1 for all vowels, lower F2 for [ei], and higher F2 for [ou], in accordance with cross-dialectal variation (Chen, 1998), supporting the hypothesis that tone-vowel interaction is mediated by epilaryngeally constricted phonation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0036256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T13:35:01Z","timestamp":1744119301000},"page":"2582-2602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Harsh voice and its interaction with vowel quality in Fuzhou Min Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Changhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6829-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Havenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300006654","article-title":"Phonation types in production of phonological tone: The case of Green Mong","volume":"30","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025040809320591000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3365220","article-title":"Vocal fold and ventricular fold vibration in period-doubling phonation: Physiological description and aerodynamic modeling","volume":"127","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c3","volume-title":"The Phonology of Danish","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c5","volume-title":"Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs Modern Cantonese Phonology","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c6","article-title":"Dynamics of voice quality over the course of the English utterance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Calhoun","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2001.0155","article-title":"The timing of nonmodal phonation in vowels","volume":"30","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c8","article-title":"Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [computer program]","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c9","unstructured":"Brunelle, M. (2005). \u201cRegister in Eastern Cham: Phonological, phonetic and sociolinguistic approaches,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12182","article-title":"Tone and phonation in Southeast Asian languages","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5334\/labphon.278","article-title":"Transphonologization of voicing in Chru: Studies in production and perception","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Phonol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0014175","article-title":"On H1\u2013H2 as an acoustic measure of linguistic phonation type","volume":"152","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c13","unstructured":"Chan, M. K. M. (1985). \u201cFuzhou phonology: A non-linear analysis of tone and stress,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2021.101063","article-title":"A dual mechanism for intrinsic f0","volume":"87","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100315000043","article-title":"Shanghai Chinese","volume":"45","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c16","volume-title":"Study of Fuzhou Chinese","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001005","article-title":"On pharyngealized vowels in Northern Horpa: An acoustic and ultrasound study","volume":"147","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c18","unstructured":"Denning, K. (1989). \u201cThe diachronic development of phonological voice quality, with special reference to Dinka and the other Nilotic languages,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c19","article-title":"The significance of \u2018secondary cues\u2019 for tonal identification in Fuzhou","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c20","volume-title":"Fuzhou Tonal Acoustics and Tonology","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110341263","article-title":"Tones and vowels in Fuzhou revisited","volume-title":"Segmental Structure and Tone","author":"Kehrein","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S095267570600087X","article-title":"The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register and stress: Laryngoscopic case studies","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phonology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100315000444","article-title":"Nuosu Yi","volume":"47","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c24","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The Laryngeal Articulator's Influence on Voice Quality and Vowel Quality","author":"Bertini","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300006125","article-title":"Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter","volume":"26","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/s0008413100003650","article-title":"There are no back vowels: The laryngeal articulator model","volume":"50","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Linguist."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472541895","article-title":"Voice and phonation","volume-title":"The Bloomsbury Companion to Phonetics","author":"Jones","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c28","volume-title":"Voice Quality: The Laryngeal Articulator Model","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100310000046","article-title":"Variation in contrastive phonation in Santa Ana Del Valle Zapotec","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2012.02.007","article-title":"An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025040809320591000_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12392","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12392","article-title":"The cross-linguistic patterns of phonation types","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lang. Linguistics Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100319000094","article-title":"Examining the relationship between vowel quality and voice quality","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c33","first-page":"173","article-title":"Javanese intervocalic stop phonemes: The light\/heavy distinction","volume":"76","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stud. Austronesian Linguist."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5070\/p778r2h52g","article-title":"High vowel fricativization and chain shift","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"UC Berkeley Phonol. Lab. Annu. Rep."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c35","volume-title":"Dictionary of Fuzhou Chinese","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c36","first-page":"71","article-title":"Phonetic analysis of breathy (murmured) vowels in Gujarati","volume":"28","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ind. Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000261828","article-title":"Phonetic analysis of the st\u00f8d in Standard Danish","volume":"46","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/19606028-04601001","article-title":"Phonetic and phonological properties of tones in Shanghai Chinese","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cah. Linguist. Asie Orient."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0023830919873080","article-title":"Breathy voice and low-register: A case of trading relation in Shanghai Chinese tone perception?","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429056253","article-title":"The phonetics of voice","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics","author":"Katz","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2022.101155","article-title":"Theoretical achievements of phonetics in the 21st century: Phonetics of voice quality","volume":"94","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100321000104","article-title":"Phonetics of White Hmong vowel and tonal contrasts","volume":"53","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100311000193","article-title":"The acoustic consequences of phonation and tone interactions in Jalapa Mazatec","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4773259","article-title":"Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4944474","article-title":"Modeling the voice source in terms of spectral slopes","volume":"139","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100314000206","article-title":"Phonetics of Tongan stress","volume":"45","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2023.101239","article-title":"The change in breathy voice after tone split: A production study of Suzhou Wu Chinese","volume":"98","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2001.0147","article-title":"Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview","volume":"29","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c49","unstructured":"Gruber, J. (2011). \u201cAn articulatory, acoustic, and auditory study of Burmese tone,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2001.0146","article-title":"Towards models of phonation","volume":"29","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c51","first-page":"831","article-title":"Aryepiglottic trilled variants of \/\u0295, \u210f\u0127\/ in Iraqi Arabic","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100306002787","article-title":"The \u2018tight approximant\u2019 variant of the Arabic \u2018ayn,\u2019","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intl. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c53","unstructured":"Hess, S. A. (1998). \u201cPharyngeal articulations,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c54","first-page":"58","article-title":"On the Tonemic system and Bianyun in the Fuzhou dialect","volume-title":"Diachronic Change and Language Contact: Dialects in South East China","author":"Cheung","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c55","first-page":"320","article-title":"Three major vocal registers: A proposal","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences","author":"Rigault","year":"1972"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040809320591000_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3806.1212","article-title":"Comparisons among aerodynamic, electroglottographic, and acoustic spectral measures of female voice","volume":"38","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2307\/412518","article-title":"Phonetic explanations for the development of tones","volume":"55","year":"1979","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309990420040301","article-title":"Role of vertical larynx movement and cervical lordosis in F0 control","volume":"42","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c59","article-title":"Articulatory properties of period-doubled voice in Mandarin","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c60","unstructured":"Jiang-King, P. (1996). \u201cAn optimality account of tone-vowel interaction in Northern Min,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c61","volume-title":"Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics","year":"2011","edition":"3"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c62","article-title":"Acoustic properties of different kinds of creaky voice","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2015)","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025040809320591000_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2012.07.001","article-title":"The phonetics of contrastive phonation in Gujarati","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025204","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003533","article-title":"Assessing vowel effects on voice quality, and voice quality effects on the respiratory system","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/042)","article-title":"Measures of the Glottal Source Spectrum","volume":"50","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009","DOI":"10.3989\/loquens.2014.009","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of voice production and perception","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Loquens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003331","article-title":"Validating a psychoacoustic model of voice quality","volume":"149","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c68","unstructured":"Kuang, J. (2011). \u201cProduction and perception of the phonation contrast in Yi,\u201d Master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c69","unstructured":"Kuang, J. (2013). \u201cPhonation in tonal contrasts,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, CA."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5003649","article-title":"Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2018.09.002","article-title":"Relative cue weighting in production and perception of an ongoing sound change in Southern Yi","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c72","volume-title":"Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics","year":"1971"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c73","unstructured":"Lam, M. F. (2014). \u201cA phonetic study of tones and vowels in Fuqing Chinese,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c74","first-page":"316","article-title":"Lax tense vowels Fuqing dialect","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialect"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c75","volume-title":"The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality","year":"1980"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c76","first-page":"85","article-title":"Phonological alternations of Fuzhou Chinese in connected speech","volume":"11","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stud. Lang. Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000262212","article-title":"Effect of voice quality on perceived height of English vowels","volume":"54","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c78","volume-title":"An Alphabetic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Foochow Dialect","year":"1870"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c79","first-page":"191","article-title":"Intrinsic pitch vowels tones in Foochow","volume":"33","year":"1976","journal-title":"Stud. Prod. Perception Tones Univ. California Work Papers Phon."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2005.11.001","article-title":"Guttural vowels and guttural co-articulation in Ju|'hoansi","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100309003867","article-title":"Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among N|uu clicks","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000259332","article-title":"Intrinsic variations in the speech signal","volume":"23","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c83","unstructured":"Moisik, S. R. (2013). \u201cThe epilarynx in speech,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100318000403","article-title":"Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S687","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_jslhr-s-12-0279","article-title":"Modeling the biomechanical influence of epilaryngeal stricture on the vocal folds: A low-dimensional model of vocal\u2013ventricular fold coupling","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c86","unstructured":"Peng, G. (2011). \u201cA phonetic study of Fuzhou Chinese,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c87","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). \u201cR: A language and environment for statistical computing,\u201d https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0102.155","article-title":"Some variables affecting perceived harshness","volume":"1","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c89","article-title":"Tonation in three Chinese Wu dialects","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c90","article-title":"Variation in spectral slope and interharmonic noise in Cantonese tones","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025040809320591000_c91","first-page":"100","article-title":"The tendency of strong friction in high vowels in Chinese varieties","volume":"34","year":"1998","journal-title":"Linguist. Study"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c92","first-page":"1846","article-title":"VoiceSauce: A program for voice analysis","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000259885","article-title":"Physics of laryngeal behavior and larynx modes","volume":"34","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c94","first-page":"301","article-title":"Waveform and spectrum of the glottal voice source","volume-title":"Frontiers of Speech Communication Research, Festschrift for Gunnar Fant","author":"Lindblom","year":"1979"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2021.101115","article-title":"Voicing and register in Ng\u00e3i Giao Chrau: Production and perception studies","volume":"90","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c96","first-page":"445","article-title":"Study of (Fuzhou) Min's sounds","volume":"1","year":"1930","journal-title":"Bull. Nat. Res. Inst. Hist. Philol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1353\/ol.2005.0013","article-title":"Phonation types in Javanese","volume":"43","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oceanic Linguist."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025040809320591000_c98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100319000148","article-title":"The phonetic properties of the non-modal phonation in Shanghainese","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Phon. Assoc."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c99","volume-title":"Phonetic and Phonological Studies of X\u00f3\u00f5 Bushman","year":"1985"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c100","first-page":"123","article-title":"The laryngeal sphincter as a phonatory mechanism in X\u00f3\u00f5 Bushman","volume-title":"Variation, Culture and Evolution in African Populations: Papers in Honour of Dr Hertha de Villiers","author":"Singer","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110803877","article-title":"The many uses of F0","volume-title":"Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics to the Memory of Pierre Delattre","author":"Valdman","year":"1972"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(95)80165-0","article-title":"The universality of intrinsic F0 of vowels","volume":"23","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c103","unstructured":"Wright, M. S. (1983). \u201cA metrical approach to tone sandhi in Chinese dialects,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c104","article-title":"The acoustic correlates and time span of the non-modal phonation in Kunshan Wu Chinese","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c105","volume-title":"Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models: With an Implementation in R","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yip, M. J. (1980). \u201cThe tonal phonology of Chinese,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.3406\/clao.1980.1072"},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c107","volume-title":"Tone","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025040809320591000_c108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4887462","article-title":"The role of creaky voice in Cantonese tonal perception","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040809320591000_c109","volume-title":"A Survey of Major Chinese Varieties","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025040809320591000_c110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4944754","article-title":"Cause-effect relationship between vocal fold physiology and voice production in a three-dimensional phonation model","volume":"139","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/157\/4\/2582\/20479714\/2582_1_10.0036256.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/157\/4\/2582\/20479714\/2582_1_10.0036256.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T13:36:01Z","timestamp":1744119361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/157\/4\/2582\/3342867\/Harsh-voice-and-its-interaction-with-vowel-quality"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0036256","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}