{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:17:20Z","timestamp":1793132240464,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI 21H05301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI 21H05301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic levitation techniques using ultrasound differ in the method used based on whether the levitation object and the levitation distance are larger or smaller than about a wavelength. This paper proposes a method for real-time control of the levitation position of a lightweight object of a size larger than the wavelength, which is levitated to a position farther from the transducer than the wavelength. This paper uses a single-focus sound field moving in a circular orbit to form a time-averaged bowl-shaped pressure field and traps an object at its center. The proposed method can levitate an object about 10 times larger than the wavelength in a feedforward manner to a distance of about 40\u201380 times the wavelength without prior calculation. In this paper, the basic characteristics and limitations of the levitation method are verified through experiments and simulations. The results showed that acoustic levitation of a hemispherical shell-shaped object with a diameter of 98\u2009mm and mass of 0.608\u2009g can be realized in a workspace as wide as 20\u2009cm2 horizontally and 40\u2009cm2 vertically using a phased array with an aperture of 384\u2009mm\u2009\u00d7\u2009454\u2009mm and containing 1494 transducers driven at 40\u2009kHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0037230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T12:28:49Z","timestamp":1753964929000},"page":"849-858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acoustic levitation of objects larger than wavelength using a circular orbital single ultrasound focus"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"158","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5121-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryunosuke","family":"Hirai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasutoshi","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Matsubayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shinoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025073108284204200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00730-1","article-title":"Can kinematic parameters of 3D reach-to-target movements be used as a proxy for clinical outcome measures in chronic stroke rehabilitation? An exploratory study","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2014.2346756","article-title":"Impact of using an educational robot-based learning system on students' motivation in elementary education","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c3","article-title":"Articulev: An integrated self-assembly pipeline for articulated multi-bead levitation primitives","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073108284204200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5087130","article-title":"Acoustical boundary hologram for macroscopic rigid-body levitation","volume":"145","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073108284204200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8661","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9661","article-title":"Holographic acoustic elements for manipulation of levitated objects","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c6","first-page":"651","article-title":"Leviprops: Animating levitated optimized fabric structures using holographic acoustic tweezers","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025073108284204200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097590","article-title":"Three-dimensional mid-air acoustic manipulation by ultrasonic phased arrays","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073108284204200_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-024-00469-4","article-title":"The effects of educational robotics in stem education: A multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025073108284204200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2965946","article-title":"Reducing amplitude fluctuation by gradual phase shift in midair ultrasound haptics","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptic."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025073108284204200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2021.3069976","article-title":"Autd3: Scalable airborne ultrasound tactile display","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptic."},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045108","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.106.045108","article-title":"Acoustic levitation of axisymmetric Mie objects above a transducer array by engineering the acoustic radiation force and torque","volume":"106","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-624X(99)00052-9","article-title":"Non-contact transportation using near-field acoustic levitation","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"2025073108284204200_c13","first-page":"161","article-title":"Tastyfloats: A contactless food delivery system","year":"2017"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025073108284204200_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2396893","article-title":"Acoustic method for levitation of small living animals","volume":"89","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/158\/1\/849\/20622608\/849_1_10.0037230.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/158\/1\/849\/20622608\/849_1_10.0037230.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T12:28:50Z","timestamp":1753964930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/158\/1\/849\/3357182\/Acoustic-levitation-of-objects-larger-than"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0037230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}