{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:56:05Z","timestamp":1787993765089,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2P50 D015446C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P50 D015446C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blunt force trauma to the larynx can cause significant damage, resulting in displaced laryngeal cartilage fractures. Vertical misalignment of the left or right vocal fold (VF) in the inferior-superior direction and scarring of the VF tissue are common outcomes. The influence of inferior-superior VF displacement and VF scarring on phonation was investigated using synthetic, self-oscillating VF models in a physiologically-representative facility. Acoustic, kinematic, and aerodynamic parameters were assessed as a function of inferior-superior vertical displacement and asymmetric VF stiffness. The combination of vertical misalignment and asymmetric VF tissue stiffness became most prominent when the inferior-superior misalignment of the VFs exceeded the thickness of the medial surface. Only a small degree of stiffness asymmetry was tolerated before VF kinematics and acoustics were significantly degraded. The position of the scarred VF relative to the healthy one also influenced outcomes. If the stiffer VF was positioned inferior to the normal VF, phonatory outcomes were poorer than when it was positioned superior to the normal VF. Measures of shimmer and jitter were more than twice as high, while cepstral peak prominence was 3\u20135\u2009dB lower.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0042273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T13:06:42Z","timestamp":1769432802000},"page":"715-726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the effects of vertical misalignment and stiffness asymmetry on phonation in a synthetic vocal fold model"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Md","family":"Roknujjaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology 1 , 76 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University 2 , 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc 3 ., 81 Columbia Turnpike, Rensselaer, New York 12144,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0057-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byron D.","family":"Erath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology 1 , 76 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012608063755600_c1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Resident Manual of Trauma to the Face, Head, and Neck","year":"2012","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880060046013","article-title":"The acute management of external laryngeal trauma. A 27-year experience","volume":"118","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197501000-00013","article-title":"Voice rehabilitation following blunt trauma to the larynx","volume":"85","year":"1975","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(94)90247-X","article-title":"Blunt pediatric laryngotracheal trauma: Case reports and review of the literature","volume":"12","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.10.021","article-title":"Imaging of laryngeal trauma","volume":"83","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200102000-00007","article-title":"Arytenoid appearance and vertical level difference between the paralyzed and innervated vocal cords","volume":"111","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(02)00078-4","article-title":"Histologic and rheologic characterization of vocal fold scarring","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012608063755600_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.5.399","article-title":"Asymmetry of the vocal folds in patients with vocal fold immobility","volume":"131","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012608063755600_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2004.11.002","article-title":"Arytenoid cartilage dislocation: A 20-year experience","volume":"19","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27900","article-title":"Arytenoid vertical height discrepancy in predicting outcomes after unilateral vocal cord medialization","volume":"130","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2021.116504","article-title":"Dynamic vibration mode decomposition of auto-oscillating vocal fold replicas without and with vertical tilting","volume":"516","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110377","article-title":"Investigating blunt force trauma to the larynx: The role of inferior-superior vocal fold displacement on phonation","volume":"121","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4996105","article-title":"Effect of level difference between left and right vocal folds on phonation: Physical experiment and theoretical study","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0000742","article-title":"Influence of level difference due to vocal folds angular asymmetry on auto-oscillating replicas","volume":"147","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102154","article-title":"Imaging of auto-oscillating vocal folds replicas with left\u2013right level difference due to angular asymmetry","volume":"63","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012608063755600_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412061","article-title":"Bifurcations in an asymmetric vocal\u2013fold model","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012608063755600_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL271","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4734013","article-title":"Corrected contact dynamics for the Steinecke and Herzel asymmetric two-mass model of the vocal folds","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012608063755600_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3615726","article-title":"Nonlinear vocal fold dynamics resulting from asymmetric fluid loading on a two-mass model of speech","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012608063755600_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2013.02.002","article-title":"A review of lumped-element models of voiced speech","volume":"55","year":"2013","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012608063755600_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381221","article-title":"Computer simulation of pathological vocal-cord vibration","volume":"60","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012608063755600_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2221546","article-title":"Anterior-posterior biphonation in a finite element model of vocal fold vibration","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026012608063755600_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.039","article-title":"Influence of asymmetric stiffness on the structural and aerodynamic response of synthetic vocal fold models","volume":"42","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2012.03.002","article-title":"Computational modeling and analysis of intracardiac flows in simple models of the left ventricle","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech.-B\/Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2004.12.005","article-title":"Current understanding and review of the literature: Vocal fold scarring","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012608063755600_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.07.003","article-title":"Visualization and estimation of vibratory disturbance in vocal fold scar using high-speed digital imaging","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940911800108","article-title":"Flow fields and acoustics in a unilateral scarred vocal fold model","volume":"118","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012608063755600_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL279","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3492798","article-title":"Vibration in a self-oscillating vocal fold model with left-right asymmetry in body-layer stiffness","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012608063755600_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0049)","article-title":"A rat excised larynx model of vocal fold scar","volume":"52","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012608063755600_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4754551","article-title":"Vibratory responses of synthetic, self-oscillating vocal fold models","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204360","article-title":"Toward development of a vocal fold contact pressure probe: Bench-top validation of a dual-sensor probe using excised human larynx models","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005882","article-title":"Vocal fold dynamics in a synthetic self-oscillating model: Intraglottal aerodynamic pressure and energy","volume":"150","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012608063755600_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005596","article-title":"Vocal fold dynamics in a synthetic self-oscillating model: Contact pressure and dissipated-energy dose","volume":"150","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012608063755600_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00471","article-title":"Collision pressure and dissipated power dose in a self-oscillating silicone vocal fold model with a posterior glottal opening","volume":"65","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2011.12.009","article-title":"The compressive response of porcine adipose tissue from low to high strain rate","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL158","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4905892","article-title":"Modal response of a computational vocal fold model with a substrate layer of adipose tissue","volume":"137","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2009.09.005","article-title":"Measurement of Young's modulus of vocal folds by indentation","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012608063755600_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E225","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26410","article-title":"Dynamic nanomechanical analysis of the vocal fold structure in excised larynges","volume":"127","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427947","article-title":"Viscoelastic shear properties of human vocal fold mucosa: Measurement methodology and empirical results","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012608063755600_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.04.010","article-title":"Measurement of vocal folds elastic properties for continuum modeling","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33881-x","article-title":"AFM methods for studying the morphology and micromechanical properties of the membrane of human buccal epithelium cell","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026012608063755600_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2013.12.124","article-title":"Vocal acoustic analysis\u2013jitter, shimmer and hnr parameters","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012608063755600_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00001","article-title":"Cepstral peak prominence values for clinical voice evaluation","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech. Lang. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2409491","article-title":"Influence of acoustic loading on an effective single mass model of the vocal folds","volume":"121","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012608063755600_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4901714","article-title":"Modeling the effects of a posterior glottal opening on vocal fold dynamics with implications for vocal hyperfunction","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012608063755600_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219914","article-title":"An acoustic source model for asymmetric intraglottal flow with application to reduced-order models of the vocal folds","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/1\/715\/20881826\/715_1_10.0042273.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/1\/715\/20881826\/715_1_10.0042273.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T13:06:43Z","timestamp":1769432803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/159\/1\/715\/3378072\/Investigating-the-effects-of-vertical-misalignment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0042273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}