{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:44:28Z","timestamp":1772894668516,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In brass instrument playing, mouthpiece force (MPF) contributes to sound production while preventing air leakage and assisting embouchure function. The MPF consists of a minimum force to produce sound and a margin force as a safety measure. This study investigated the effects of pitch and dynamics of the sound produced on the French horn on the MPF and those two force constituents. Eleven professional players played long F2, F3, F4, Bb4, and F5 tones at p, mf, and f using an MPF sensor-equipped mouthpiece (MP). The MPF increased significantly with pitch and dynamics, from an average of 5\u2009N for F2 to 40\u2009N for F5 at mf, with inter-player differences at F5 from 16 to 73\u2009N. The minimum and margin forces also increased with pitch and dynamics, with a large inter-player variation. For all pitches and dynamics, the margin force as a percentage of MPF ranged from 35% to 57%, much larger than that reported in an earlier trumpet study. This relatively high margin setting is considered a French-horn playing strategy, ensuring airtightness against thin-rimmed MPs, assisting embouchure function by tightening the boundary of the lip vibration area with the rim, and may also help increase lip tension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0042982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:29:57Z","timestamp":1772821797000},"page":"1987-1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mouthpiece lip-pressing force and its component minimum and margin forces during French horn playing"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hirano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications 1 , Chofu, Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Osaka 2 , Suita, Osaka,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030613295393100_c1","article-title":"On the capabilities of a \u2018digital mouthpiece\u2019 for real time recording of embouchure parameters for brass musicians","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030613295393100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90147-9","article-title":"Mouthpiece forces produced while playing trumpet","volume":"21","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c3","unstructured":"Bertsch, M. A., and Ott, D. (2018). \u201cLip Force (mouthpiece pressure) while trumpet playing, and it's dependance on register (average values of 19 students or pro players),\u201d https:\/\/doi:10.13140\/RG.2.2.35205.68322 (Last viewed March 1, 2026)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/09298215.2011.646278","article-title":"Measures of facial muscle activation, intra-oral pressure and mouthpiece force in trumpet playing","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. New Music Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mundst\u00fcckkr\u00e4fte und Zahnbewegungen beim Spielen von Blechblasinstrumenten\u201d (\u201cMouthpiece forces and tooth movements when playing brass instruments\u201d)","volume":"9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Musikphysiologie und Musikermedizin"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c6","unstructured":"Bromage, S. (2007). \u201cVisualization of the lip motion of brass instrument players, and investigations of an artificial mouth as a tool for comparative studies of instrument,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030613295393100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2002.2013","article-title":"Medical problems of brass instrumentalists: Prevalence rates for trumpet, trombone, French horn, and low brass","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Art"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2019.06.010","article-title":"A new classification of wind instruments: Orofacial considerations","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030613295393100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414603","article-title":"A stroboscopic study of lip vibrations in a trombone","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c10","unstructured":"DATA SHEET 101 (2021). \u201cMateral Properies of Sorbothane,\u201d https:\/\/www.sorbothane.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/101-sorbothane-material-properties.pdf (Last viewed March 1, 2026)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735689171005","article-title":"A psychological investigation of the role of mouthpiece force in trumpet performance","volume":"17","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030613295393100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2002.4024","article-title":"Comparison of biomechanical forces generated during trumpet performance in contrasting settings","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Art"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c13","volume-title":"The Art of Brass Playing","year":"1962"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c14","first-page":"394","article-title":"Hand movements","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the Human Brain","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026030613295393100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426276","article-title":"Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playing","volume":"105","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c16","unstructured":"Ford, J.III. (2007). \u201cA scientific characterization of trumpet mouthpiece forces in the context of pedagogical brass literature,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of North Texas, Denton, TX."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c17","first-page":"52","article-title":"Sensor and software technologies for lip pressure measurements in trumpet and cornet playing\u2014From lab to classroom","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1916203","article-title":"An experimental study of trumpet embouchure","volume":"14","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.07.020","article-title":"Musculoskeletal and psychological assessments used in quantitatively based studies about musicians' health in brass players: A systematic literature review","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026030613295393100_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138506","article-title":"Control of precision grip force in lifting and holding of low-mass objects","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4971046","article-title":"Mouthpiece pressing force for pitch and loudness control in playing the French horn","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.17.3.256","article-title":"Orofacial muscular activity and related skin movement during the preparatory and sustained phases of tone production on the French horn","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mot. Contr"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c23","unstructured":"Hynds, A. M. (2019). \u201cThe composer's guide to the tuba: Creating a new resource on the capabilities of the tuba family,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Denton, OH."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/17298814211018055","article-title":"Design of a fuzzy safety margin derivation system for grip force control of robotic hand in precision grasp task","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.3.1619","article-title":"Tangential torque effects on the control of grip forces when holding objects with a precision grip","volume":"78","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c26","first-page":"12","article-title":"More air, less air what is air","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Trp. Guild J. March,"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2319\/111214-812.1","article-title":"The association of malocclusion and trumpet performance","volume":"86","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c28","unstructured":"Logie, S. M. (2012). \u201cAn acoustical study of playing characteristics of brass wind instruments,\u201d Ph. D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c29","first-page":"217","article-title":"A new 3D transducer for measuring the trumpet mouthpiece force","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c30","first-page":"225","article-title":"Measurement of the force applied to the mouthpiece during brass instrument playing","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c31","volume-title":"Pivot System for Trumpet","year":"1973"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2011.3024","article-title":"Orofacial problems in musicians: A review of the literature","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Art"},{"key":"2026030613295393100_c33","volume-title":"The Science of Sound","year":"2002","edition":"3"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026030613295393100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-013-0923-4","article-title":"From embouchure problems to embouchure dystonia? A survey of self-reported embouchure disorders in 585 professional orchestra brass players","volume":"87","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt148","article-title":"Symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction in professional orchestra musicians","volume":"64","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026030613295393100_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154703","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0250279","article-title":"A lip vibration model using mechanical properties of flesh","volume":"137","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026030613295393100_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2016.4038","article-title":"Fundamentals of embouchure in brass players: Towards a definition and clinical assessment","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Art"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026030613295393100_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412066","article-title":"Acoustical behavior of brass player's lips","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026030613295393100_c39","first-page":"145","article-title":"Lip-wave generation in horn players and the estimation of lip-tissue elasticity","volume":"89","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Acust. united Ac."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/3\/1987\/20932140\/1987_1_10.0042982.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/3\/1987\/20932140\/1987_1_10.0042982.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:30:00Z","timestamp":1772821800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/159\/3\/1987\/3382626\/Mouthpiece-lip-pressing-force-and-its-component"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0042982","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}