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Vocoded consonant perception improved with chronological age in children with NH. For the cochlear implant (CI) users, more auditory experience and shorter durations of deafness were associated with better consonant perception scores, especially in child-implanted listeners. Individuals in the child-implanted group also made significantly more errors in identifying the voiceless fricative, \/\u03b8\/, than did adult-implanted listeners. Individual differences in phoneme error patterns could inform personalized intervention strategies, and child-implanted listeners might derive particular benefit from interventions that improve access to formant transitions or high-frequency energy. Moreover, while CI experience and early implantation benefit many CI users of all ages, delayed intervention may be more detrimental to the speech perception outcomes of prelingually deafened than post-lingually implanted individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:20:30Z","timestamp":1773426030000},"page":"2359-2371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consonant perception and error patterns in children and adults with cochlear implants"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly N.","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, The University of Texas at Dallas 1 , Richardson, Texas 75080,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Callier Center for Communication Disorders, The University of Texas at Dallas 2 , Dallas, Texas 75235,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mishaela","family":"DiNino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo 3 , Buffalo, New York 14214,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo 4 , Buffalo, New York 14203,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4793-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarali","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, The University of Texas at Dallas 1 , Richardson, Texas 75080,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Callier Center for Communication Disorders, The University of Texas at Dallas 2 , Dallas, Texas 75235,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie G.","family":"Arenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear 5 , Boston, Massachusetts 02114,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School 6 , Boston, Massachusetts 02114,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031314202618900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165221095364","article-title":"Single-channel focused thresholds relate to vowel identification in pediatric and adult cochlear implant listeners","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026031314202618900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR-24-00270","article-title":"Relationship between psychophysical tuning curves and vowel identification in noise in children and adults with cochlear implants","volume":"68","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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