{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:19:10Z","timestamp":1792516750665,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been suggested that amplitude-modulation detection (AMD) thresholds for a 4-kHz carrier presented in a threshold-equalizing noise at a high overall level might be an indicator of hidden hearing disorder (HHD) produced by noise exposure. However, it is not clear if this is the case when HHD co-occurs with audiometric hearing loss. Here, AMD thresholds for such a stimulus were measured for 88 participants with a wide range of ages and hearing losses. Data were gathered on lifetime noise exposure, quantified by the Noise Exposure Structured Interview, and factors that might influence listening skills were assessed via a questionnaire. A multiple linear regression model showed that lower (better) AMD thresholds were associated with higher (worse) audiometric thresholds at high frequencies, sex (males performing better than females), lower Noise Exposure Structured Interview scores, and a history of music practice. The association between AMD thresholds and audiometric thresholds at high frequencies may reflect the loss of cochlear compression with increasing hearing loss, which can lead to lower AMD thresholds. Overall, the results indicate that, while AMD thresholds do tend to worsen with increasing noise exposure, these thresholds are not a good indicator of HHD when HHD co-occurs with hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T18:55:44Z","timestamp":1775501744000},"page":"3075-3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of hearing loss, sex, age, noise exposure and listening skills on the detection of amplitude modulation of a 4-kHz carrier"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7895-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Fontan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Archean LABS 1 , Montauban 82000,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, UT3 2 IRIT, , Toulouse 31400,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamelia","family":"Sakhraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d'Audioproth\u00e8se de Cahors 3 , Cahors 46000,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Descloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole d'Audioproth\u00e8se de Cahors 3 , Cahors 46000,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Jmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse \u2013 Jean Jaur\u00e8s, DAR 4 , Toulouse,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya Kumar","family":"Narne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University 5 , Abha 61481,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C. J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Hearing Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge 6 , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040711064388800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/51.4.245","article-title":"High-frequency (10\u201318\u2009kHz) hearing thresholds: Reliability, and effects of age and occupational noise exposure","volume":"51","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23312165251343757","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165251343757","article-title":"Is noise exposure associated with impaired extended high frequency hearing despite a normal audiogram? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397751","article-title":"Modulation masking: Effects of modulation frequency, depth, and phase","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2007.03.016","article-title":"The cognitive disorders examination (Codex) is a reliable 3-minute test for detection of dementia in the elderly (validation study on 323 subjects)","volume":"36","year":"2007","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.02.031","article-title":"Non-invasive assays of cochlear synaptopathy: Candidates and considerations","volume":"407","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Suppl. 40","key":"2026040711064388800_c6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss: Literature review and experiments in rabbits. Morphological and electrophysiological features, exposure parameters and temporal factors, variability and interactions","volume":"24","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23312165241239541","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241239541","article-title":"Perceptual consequences of cochlear deafferentation in humans","volume":"28","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2025.109183","article-title":"Not-so-normal hearing: Temporary hearing changes lead to chronic difficulties for listeners with \u2018normal\u2019 audiometric thresholds","volume":"458","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108021","article-title":"Investigating the effects of noise exposure on self-report, behavioral and electrophysiological indices of hearing damage in musicians with normal audiometric thresholds","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420344","article-title":"Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation: I. Detection and masking with narrowband carriers","volume":"102","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428103","article-title":"Intrinsic envelope fluctuations and modulation-detection thresholds for narrow-band noise carriers","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3699233","article-title":"The role of time and place cues in the detection of frequency modulation by hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"131","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c13","first-page":"1326","article-title":"AFC: A modular framework for running psychoacoustic experiments and computational perception models","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.11.051","article-title":"Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy with and without sensory cell loss","volume":"427","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/40285598","article-title":"Frequency analysis and musical ability","volume":"11","year":"1993","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0021884","article-title":"Effects of hearing loss, age, noise exposure and listening skills on envelope regularity discrimination","volume":"154","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00027-3","article-title":"Effect of cochlear damage on the detection of complex temporal envelopes","volume":"178","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00347","article-title":"Age-group differences in speech identification despite matched audiometrically normal hearing: Contributions from auditory temporal processing and cognition","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90170-T","article-title":"Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data","volume":"47","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216517737417","article-title":"Loud music exposure and cochlear synaptopathy in young adults: Isolated auditory brainstem response effects but no perceptual consequences","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518803213","article-title":"The Noise Exposure Structured Interview (NESI): An instrument for the comprehensive estimation of lifetime noise exposure","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: Relation to noise exposure but no evidence for cochlear synaptopathy","volume":"344","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397956","article-title":"Frequency selectivity in amplitude-modulation detection","volume":"85","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.107922","article-title":"Extended high frequency hearing and speech perception implications in adults and children","volume":"397","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0012917","article-title":"The effect of age and hearing sensitivity at frequencies above 8\u2009kHz on auditory stream segregation and speech perception","volume":"152","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2001.12.2.125","article-title":"Pitch discrimination: Are professional musicians better than non-musicians?","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14077","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009","article-title":"Adding insult to injury: Cochlear nerve degeneration after \u2018temporary\u2019 noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.97254","article-title":"Temporal and speech processing skills in normal hearing individuals exposed to occupational noise","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162726","article-title":"Toward a differential diagnosis of hidden hearing loss in humans","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.01.003","article-title":"Cochlear synaptopathy in acquired sensorineural hearing loss: Manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"349","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/00016484809122651","article-title":"A simple method for indirect determination of the recruitment phenomenon (difference limen in intensity in different types of deafness)","volume":"36","year":"1948","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5027-12.2013","article-title":"Efferent feedback minimizes cochlear neuropathy from moderate noise exposure","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c33","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Robust Statistics: Theory and Methods","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649809540712","article-title":"Sex differences in the auditory system","volume":"14","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414734","article-title":"Involvement of the olivocochlear bundle in the detection of tones in noise","volume":"99","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.05.004","article-title":"Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination","volume":"219","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.17430\/jhs\/204835","article-title":"Loudness hyperacusis: Mechanisms of loudness perception and their breakdown","volume":"1","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hear. Sci."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c38","first-page":"224","article-title":"A model for the prediction of thresholds, loudness and partial loudness","volume":"45","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Audio Eng. Soc."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/03005364000000131","article-title":"A test for the diagnosis of dead regions in the cochlea","volume":"34","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.108","article-title":"Psychoacoustic consequences of compression in the peripheral auditory system","volume":"105","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5100620","article-title":"Envelope regularity discrimination","volume":"145","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369209076641","article-title":"Temporal modulation transfer functions for band-limited noise in subjects with cochlear hearing loss","volume":"26","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5122794","article-title":"Effect of age on envelope regularity discrimination","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415861","article-title":"Effect of loudness recruitment on the perception of amplitude modulation","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0017973","article-title":"The effect of recreational noise exposure on amplitude-modulation detection, hearing sensitivity at frequencies above 8\u2009kHz, and perception of speech in noise","volume":"153","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1121\/1.417364","article-title":"Sex differences in simultaneous masking with random-frequency maskers","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331216519877301","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519877301","article-title":"Effects of age and noise exposure on proxy measures of cochlear synaptopathy","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.10.007","article-title":"Effects of noise exposure on young adults with normal audiograms: II. Behavioral measures","volume":"356","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1305","article-title":"Mechanics of the mammalian cochlea","volume":"81","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108912108","article-title":"Normal hearing is not enough to guarantee robust encoding of suprathreshold features important in everyday communication","volume":"108","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4966117","article-title":"Discrimination of amplitude-modulation depth by subjects with normal and impaired hearing","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4928135","article-title":"Modulation masking within and across carriers for subjects with normal and impaired hearing","volume":"138","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03335794","article-title":"Frequency analysis and the critical band","volume":"21","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychonom. Sci."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20580","article-title":"Extended high-frequency audiometry and noise induced hearing loss in cement workers","volume":"51","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5114820","article-title":"The effect of musical training, contralateral noise, and ear of presentation on the detection of changes in temporal fine structure","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1785","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00025","article-title":"Hidden hearing injury: The emerging science and military relevance of cochlear synaptopathy","volume":"182","year":"2017","journal-title":"Milit. Med."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331216520980299","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216520980299","article-title":"Extended high frequencies provide both spectral and temporal information to improve speech-in-speech recognition","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.07.003","article-title":"Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"353","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383531","article-title":"Temporal modulation transfer functions based on modulation thresholds","volume":"66","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3500679","article-title":"Effects of the use of personal music players on amplitude modulation detection and frequency discrimination","volume":"128","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001618","article-title":"Association of occupational noise exposure and extended high-frequency hearing loss in young workers with normal hearing","volume":"46","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.07.006","article-title":"The effects of noise exposure and musical training on suprathreshold auditory processing and speech perception in noise","volume":"353","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026040711064388800_c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21140","article-title":"Concurrent sound segregation is enhanced in musicians","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/4\/3075\/20967515\/3075_1_10.0043325.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/4\/3075\/20967515\/3075_1_10.0043325.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:06:49Z","timestamp":1775574409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/159\/4\/3075\/3386372\/Effects-of-hearing-loss-sex-age-noise-exposure-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0043325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}