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This study investigated if auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measurable via surface electrodes from an unanesthetized Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Successful ABR recordings generated thresholds between 36 and 41\u2009dB re 20 \u03bcPa rms to click stimuli centered at 2\u2009kHz, similar to previous data from penguins and other diving birds. This provides proof-of-concept that non-invasive electrophysiological techniques are achievable for penguins and potentially other species of conservation and welfare concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T12:46:32Z","timestamp":1776170792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-invasive auditory brainstem response measurements in an unanesthetized Humboldt penguin (\n                    <i>Spheniscus humboldti<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-2053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark 1 , Odense 5230,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"R\u00f6\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Meeresmuseum 2 , Stralsund 18439,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Wahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark 1 , Odense 5230,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"D\u00e4hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Meeresmuseum 2 , Stralsund 18439,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041408462585800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL415","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5008901","article-title":"Why is auditory frequency weighting so important in regulation of underwater noise?","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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