{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1778771826947,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000286","name":"British Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MFSS24\\240076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFSS24\\240076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH\/S011900\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH\/S011900\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH\/S011900\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH\/S011900\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH\/Y002822\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH\/Y002822\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic vowel dynamics have some speaker-identifying characteristics, which have been ascribed to individual properties of articulatory strategies: formant transitions have a particular shape because speakers move their articulators, using specific and practised movements. However, there is little existing evidence that different articulatory strategies systematically affect formant dynamics. The present study corroborates the link between the two. Ultrasound tongue imaging data from 36 speakers of Northern-Anglo English are used to identify distinct articulatory strategies for the production of palatal vowel \/i\/. Tongue shape in \/i\/ is found to be a significant predictor of formant dynamics in diphthongs with a palatal offglide. The observed relationships can be explained by the characteristics of articulatory movement conditioned by vocal tract shape. Greater articulatory displacement of tongue root and\/or dorsum produces greater distortion from the mean tongue shape in palatal vowels, and it also requires higher articulatory velocities, resulting in relatively earlier and steeper formant transitions. The results contribute to the conceptual understanding of individuality in speech, by illuminating the regularising and individual aspects of articulatory compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:04:32Z","timestamp":1778771072000},"page":"4068-4078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Articulatory strategy as a source of variation in acoustic vowel dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Strycharczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester 1 , Manchester,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0115-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin J. H.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University 2 , Lancaster,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University 2 , Lancaster,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051411042754100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1075\/veaw.g55","article-title":"Manchester English","volume-title":"Researching Northern Englishes","author":"Hickey","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200051","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan-2020-0051","article-title":"Fast track: Fast (nearly) automatic formant-tracking using Praat","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Linguist. Vanguard"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051411042754100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383319","article-title":"Acoustic invariance in speech production: Evidence from measurements of the spectral characteristics of stop consonants","volume":"66","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c4","unstructured":"Boersma, P., and Weenink, D. (2022). \u201cPraat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 6.2.14) [computer programme],\u201d http:\/\/www.praat.org\/ (Last viewed May 4, 2026)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026051411042754100_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3125313","article-title":"On the relationship between palate shape and articulatory behavior","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051411042754100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9841.2008.00374.x","article-title":"Variation and the indexical field","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sociolinguist."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2005.08.002","article-title":"The social life of phonetics and phonology","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385591","article-title":"Production of bite-block vowels: Acoustic equivalence by selective compensation","volume":"69","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c9","volume-title":"Neural Control of Speech","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/059)","article-title":"Vowel category dependence of the relationship between palate height, tongue height, and oral area","volume":"46","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1558\/ijsll.41058","article-title":"The contribution of dynamic versus static formant information in conversational speech","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Law"},{"issue":"5354","key":"2026051411042754100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5354.1213","article-title":"Sensorimotor adaptation in speech production","volume":"279","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1558\/ijsll.v23i1.29874","article-title":"Strength of forensic voice comparison evidence from the acoustics of filled pauses","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5334\/labphon.196","article-title":"The \u0394F method of vocal tract length normalization for vowels","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Phonol."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c15","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Individual differences in speech production: What is \u2018phonetic substance\u2019?","author":"Skarnitzl","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026051411042754100_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406887","article-title":"Individual differences in vowel production","volume":"94","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c17","first-page":"115","article-title":"New directions in shape analysis","volume-title":"The Art of Statistical Science","author":"Mardia","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2026051411042754100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(01)00020-6","article-title":"Combining acoustic and articulatory feature information for robust speech recognition","volume":"37","year":"2002","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026051411042754100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115201","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0039769","article-title":"Dynamical model parameters from ultrasound tongue kinematics","volume":"5","year":"2025","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c20","first-page":"918","article-title":"Co-registration of simultaneous high speed ultrasound and electromagnetic articulography for speech production research","author":"Skarnitzl","year":"2023"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026051411042754100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Statist. Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026051411042754100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0211)","article-title":"Interspeaker variability in hard palate morphology and vowel production","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026051411042754100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0059)","article-title":"Morphological variation in the adult hard palate and posterior pharyngeal wall","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c24","volume-title":"The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392185","article-title":"The pursuit of invariance in speech signals","volume":"77","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c26","first-page":"3504","article-title":"Articulatory strategy in vowel production as a basis for speaker discrimination","year":"2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026051411042754100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","article-title":"DeepLabCut: Markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c28","first-page":"498","article-title":"Montreal forced aligner: Trainable text-speech alignment using Kaldi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1558\/sll.2004.11.1.103","article-title":"Speaker-specific formant dynamics: An experiment on Australian English \/ai\/","volume":"11","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1558\/sll.2006.13.1.89","article-title":"Dynamic features of speech and the characterization of speakers: Toward a new approach using formant frequencies","volume":"13","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Law"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c31","first-page":"1825","article-title":"Discrimination of speakers using the formant dynamics of \/u\u02d0\/ in British English","author":"Trouvain","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412060","article-title":"Incomplete compensation to articulatory perturbation","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051411042754100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3081384","article-title":"Likelihood-ratio forensic voice comparison using parametric representations of the formant trajectories of diphthongs","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026051411042754100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1515\/lp-2014-0014","article-title":"Variability in English vowels is comparable in articulation and acoustics","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Phonol."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c35","volume-title":"The Phonetic Bases of Speaker Recognition","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026051411042754100_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1558\/sll.2005.12.2.143","article-title":"A case for formant analysis in forensic speaker identification","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Law"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c37","article-title":"Acoustic theories of speech perception","volume-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c38","unstructured":"Rhodes, R. W. (2012). \u201cAssessing the strength of non-contemporaneous forensic speech evidence,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of York, York, UK."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c39","first-page":"64","article-title":"The intrinsic forensic discriminatory power of diphthongs","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051411042754100_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0104_2","article-title":"A dynamical approach to gestural patterning in speech production","volume":"1","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ecol. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051411042754100_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5096631","article-title":"Characterization of inter-speaker articulatory variability: A two-level multi-speaker modelling approach based on MRI data","volume":"145","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0017356","article-title":"Morphological and acoustic modeling of the vocal tract","volume":"153","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2024.101374","article-title":"Formant-based articulatory strategies: Characterisation and inter-speaker variability analysis","volume":"107","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2020.101017","article-title":"Evaluating generalised additive mixed modelling strategies for dynamic speech analysis","volume":"84","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c45","first-page":"1517","article-title":"UltraFit: A speaker-friendly headset for ultrasound recordings in speech science","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026051411042754100_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31520-7","article-title":"On the quantal nature of speech","volume":"17","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026051411042754100_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR-25-00185","article-title":"Articulatory strategies in male and female vowel production","volume":"68","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2024.101349","article-title":"Towards a dynamical model of English vowels. Evidence from diphthongisation","volume":"107","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309251320581","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction in lingual articulation of vowels: Evidence from lax vowels in Northern Anglo-English","volume":"68","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.00048","article-title":"General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427069","article-title":"Acoustic evidence for dynamic formant trajectories in Australian English vowels","volume":"106","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051411042754100_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9481.00176","article-title":"I don't speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent\u2019: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system","volume":"6","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sociolinguist."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weirich, M. (2012). \u201cThe influence of nature and nurture on speaker-specific parameters in twins speech,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1558\/ijsll.v19i1.119"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026051411042754100_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1587","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-15-0040","article-title":"Mumbling: Macho or morphology?","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2018.07.007","article-title":"Individual differences in acoustic and articulatory undershoot in a German diphthong\u2013variation between male and female speakers","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c56","volume-title":"Accents of English 1: An Introduction","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026051411042754100_c57","volume-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051411042754100_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031133","article-title":"Beyond the edge: Markerless pose estimation of speech articulators from ultrasound and camera images using DeepLabCut","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/5\/4068\/21005241\/4068_1_10.0043814.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/159\/5\/4068\/21005241\/4068_1_10.0043814.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:04:36Z","timestamp":1778771076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/159\/5\/4068\/3391247\/Articulatory-strategy-as-a-source-of-variation-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0043814","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}