{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:57:48Z","timestamp":1792270668003,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018455","name":"Danske Maritime Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofouling on ship hulls increases drag, fuel consumption, and therefore greenhouse gas emissions. It also contributes to the spread of invasive species and can clog seawater cooling systems. Ultrasonic antifouling is an emerging technology that employs high-frequency vibrations to inhibit organism attachment, which can potentially reduce biofouling. Commercial shipping is already a major source of mostly low-frequency underwater radiated noise. The use of ultrasonic antifouling equipment raises concern whether the additional high-frequency noise emissions significantly increase the acoustic stress on marine mammals. This study evaluates the noise emissions of ultrasonic antifouling transducers installed on a tanker and a diving vessel. Underwater noise measurements and numerical propagation modeling were combined to assess the environmental side effects of the emitted underwater noise on marine mammals. The acoustical results are compared with thresholds defining the onset of a behavioral response as well as hearing impairment. It was found that sensitive species, such as harbor porpoise, can experience behavioral effects up to distances of 3\u2009km.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1779969807000},"page":"4797-4805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Noise emissions from ultrasonic antifouling and their potential effects on marine mammals"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Ram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI WASY GmbH 1 , Grimm 8, Hamburg 20457,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"von Pein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI WASY GmbH 1 , Grimm 8, Hamburg 20457,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DHI A\/S 2 , Agern All\u00e9 5, H\u00f8rsholm DK-2970,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052808032167000_c1","unstructured":"Maritime Organization, \u201cHull scrapings and marine coatings as a source of microplastics,\u201d Technical Report, International Maritime Organization, London, United Kingdom (2019)."},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115754","article-title":"Environmental concentrations of antifouling paint particles are toxic to sediment-dwelling invertebrates","volume":"268","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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M.Rose, and M.Ram, \u201cUltrasonic antifouling system for preventing marine growth onboard ships: Initial evaluation of efficacy and environmental side effects,\u201d Project No. 11830503, DHI, H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark (2025)."},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c11","first-page":"51","article-title":"Underwater acoustics\u2014Terminology","author":"ISO 18405,","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c12","unstructured":"M.\n            Karger\n          , \u201cFluid-struktur Wechselwirkung in der energie finite elemente methode,\u201d doctoral dissertation, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, 2017."},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c13","unstructured":"M.\n            Ram\n          , \u201cErweiterung energiebasierter Boundary-Elemente-Methoden f\u00fcr Hochfrequenzprobleme,\u201d doctoral dissertation, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany, 2024."},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c14","unstructured":"Ocean Instruments, \u201cSoundTrap ST600 HF long-term acoustic recorder, product specifications and user manual,\u201d Ocean Instruments Ltd., New Zealand, https:\/\/www.oceaninstruments.co.nz\/product\/soundtrap-st600-hf-long-term-recorder\/ (last viewed March 24, 2026)."},{"key":"2026052808032167000_c15","article-title":"UAS in MIKE: Underwater acoustic simulation module","volume-title":"Scientific Documentation","author":"DHI","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026052808032167000_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406739","article-title":"A split-step Pad\u00e9 solution for the parabolic equation method","volume":"93","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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