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For this, the consonants \/\u0294,m,f,p,pf\/, which do not require specific tongue movements, and the vowels \/a,i,u\/ were considered. The relative onset time of the V1-V2 tongue movement was affected mainly by the V1 and C durations as well as by the main movement direction. The relative offset time was affected mainly by the C duration and the movement range. The derived rules for the temporal coordination of vowel and consonant gestures could help to generate more realistic articulator trajectories for articulatory speech synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1779819671000},"page":"4646-4656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Timing of tongue body movements in\n                    <i>V1-C-V2<\/i>\n                    sequences with respect to segment boundaries in German"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics and Speech Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden 1 , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Mooshammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4645-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malte","family":"Belz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr deutsche Sprache und Linguistik, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin 2 , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-8123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Birkholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustics and Speech Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden 1 , Dresden,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026052614210909600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2009.04.004","article-title":"Statistical parametric speech synthesis","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"2026052614210909600_c2","first-page":"373","article-title":"Unit selection in a concatenative speech synthesis system using a large speech database","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026052614210909600_c3","unstructured":"A.\n            Van Den Oord\n          , S.Dieleman, H.Zen, K.Simonyan, O.Vinyals, A.Graves, N.Kalchbrenner, A.Senior, and K.Kavukcuoglu, \u201cWavenet: A generative model for raw audio,\u201d arXiv:1609.03499 (2016)."},{"key":"2026052614210909600_c4","first-page":"5530","article-title":"Conditional variational autoencoder with adversarial learning for end-to-end text-to-speech","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026052614210909600_c5","first-page":"1","article-title":"FastSpeech 2: Fast and high-quality end-to-end text to speech","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026052614210909600_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913427","article-title":"Articulatory model for the study of speech production","volume":"53","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. 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