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This occurs, for example, with the high-amplitude noise burst that accompanies a bright light and impulsive force when police or military use a \u201cflashbang\u201d grenade to temporarily disable or confuse an adversary. This pilot study evaluated the effects of an unexpected loud acoustic impulse sound on human subject performance in terms of (1) word recognition in noise, and (2) sound localization, both examined in a hemi-anechoic free field with a horizontal plane 32 loudspeaker array. Eleven normal hearing, young, adult, male subjects were tested to determine whether acoustic startle, simulated TTS, simulated tinnitus, and combinations thereof, negatively impact performance. Results indicate that performance in a localization task is substantially affected by all three (and combinations) of these manipulations, whereas word in noise performance is principally degraded by TTS simulation. While these results are preliminary, due to the small sample size, the findings have potential implications for development of non-lethal flashbang grenades, i.e., without a concussive incendiary component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0044264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:58:13Z","timestamp":1783943893000},"page":"384-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of acoustic startle, simulated temporary threshold shift, and simulated tinnitus on sound localization and word recognition performance: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5925-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caylin","family":"McCallick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine 1 , Aurora, Colorado 80045,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Welles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine 1 , Aurora, Colorado 80045,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Sammeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine 2 , Aurora, Colorado 80045,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Rule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Associates, Inc. 3 , Littleton, Colorado 80127,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Argo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Associates, Inc. 3 , Littleton, Colorado 80127,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5872-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine 1 , Aurora, Colorado 80045,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071307580710700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331216514560442","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216514560442","article-title":"An overview of the major phenomena of the localization of sound sources by normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and aided listeners","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"2026071307580710700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00025-6","article-title":"Affective startle modulation in clinical depression: Preliminary findings","volume":"46","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. 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