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Thresholds were measured across modulation rates, carrier frequencies, and stimulus durations. Amusics exhibited elevated FM detection thresholds relative to controls, with no difference between pure amusics and tone agnosics. No significant interactions were observed between listener group and acoustic parameters, suggesting the group difference did not vary reliably across modulation rates, carrier frequencies, or stimulus durations. These findings indicate an impairment in dynamic pitch encoding in congenital amusia, independent of lexical tone deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0044337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:39:38Z","timestamp":1784129978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequency modulation detection in Mandarin Chinese-speaking amusics across modulation rate, carrier frequency, and stimulus duration"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingshuang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences, California State University, Northridge 1 , 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University 2 , Beijing 100875,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 3 Bay Area School of Applied Psychological Sciences, , Guangdong 519087,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University 4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Consciousness Brain Computer Interface and Neuromodulation, Faculty of Psychology, , Beijing 100875,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University 2 , Beijing 100875,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University 2 , Beijing 100875,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Austin 5 , 1 University Station A1100, Austin, Texas 78712,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071511393244500_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18861","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18861","article-title":"Impaired encoding of rapid pitch information underlies perception and memory deficits in congenital amusia","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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