{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:09:02Z","timestamp":1784290142049,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFC2807804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HEU Presidential Innovition Fund for PhD Students"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The estimation of time difference of arrival (TDOA) between two sonars is a critical aspect in the context of underwater acoustic localization systems. Different from radar and satellite localization which use electromagnetic waves and suffer from extreme attenuation in seawater, acoustic waves are the only effective long-distance propagation medium in marine environments, so underwater acoustic technique is irreplaceable for underwater target detection and tracking. In passive localization, utilizing a pair of sonars to measure TDOA provides a fundamental and geometrically constrained method to estimate a target's position. However, it is observed that the accuracy of TDOA estimates is significantly declined in scenarios characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio. In this study, we introduce a robust TDOA estimation method based on sub-band extraction. The core idea is to extract sub-bands from the generalized cross correlation phase transform spectrum using a frequency sliding window technique; this sub-band is defined as the frequency components that contributes to the target TDOA or noise. Notably, the extracted sub-band matrix is confirmed to possess a rank-one property, which allows for the application of a low-rank decomposition framework named GoDec+ to derive robust TDOA estimates. Additionally, we demonstrate the performance of our proposed method through numerical simulations and by comparing the results with empirical data obtained from the South China Sea experiments, conducted by Harbin Engineering University in July 2023, the latter involving a controlled acoustic source and two fixed horizontal hydrophone arrays in a deep-water environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0044381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:58:02Z","timestamp":1784289482000},"page":"658-670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Underwater target time difference of arrival estimation using low-rank decomposition based generalized cross correlation"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Xueli","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8705-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University 4 , Sanya 572000, Hainan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Polar Acoustics and Application of Ministry of Education (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Education 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026071707575577600_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3210893","article-title":"Detecting sensor failures in TDOA-based passive radars: A statistical approach based on outlier distribution","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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