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To address these gaps, this study investigated (i) whether singers outperformed non-musicians in Mandarin tone perception and imitation, (ii) whether singers' potential advantage in imitation depended on auditory feedback, and (iii) whether both groups' imitation improved across repetitions. Singers and non-musicians completed a Mandarin tone AXB discrimination task to evaluate their Mandarin tone perception. As for tone production, they completed a Mandarin tone word imitation task under two conditions\u2014with and without auditory feedback. Results showed that singers achieved higher accuracy in tone perception, extending the OPERA hypothesis from Patel [(2011). Front Psychol. 2, 142; (2014) Hear. Res. 308, 98\u2013108] by demonstrating that vocal training can also enhance auditory sensitivity to speech sounds. The singers also surpassed non-musicians in tone imitation, an advantage independent of auditory feedback, possibly reflecting reliance on somatosensory feedback or feedforward control. No effect of repetition was observed. Additionally, the high-level and high-falling tones appeared to rely more heavily on auditory feedback during imitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:26:29Z","timestamp":1791980789000},"page":"3040-3056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amateur singers' advantage in Mandarin tone perception and imitation"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2775-3722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runqing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning, and Development, The University of Hong Kong 1 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Speech and Music Perception Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong 2 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Centre for Advancement in Inclusive and Special Education, The University of Hong Kong 3 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning, and Development, The University of Hong Kong 1 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Speech and Music Perception Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong 2 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Centre for Advancement in Inclusive and Special Education, The University of Hong Kong 3 , Hong Kong,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101408130134800_c1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple imputation with predictive mean matching method for numerical missing data","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101408130134800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/87551233060250010105","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and instrumental music: What does the research say about the relationship and its implications?","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"Update Appl. 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