{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:57:22Z","timestamp":1790859442168,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Hangzhou","award":["TD2022013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2022013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013852","name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024E10108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024E10108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional cochlear implant (CI) strategies convey limited tonal information. Although fundamental frequency (F0)-based strategies, such as C-tone, which combines F0 extraction with amplitude envelope modulation, improve Mandarin tone perception, their high computational demands hinder integration into power- and resource-constrained devices. This study evaluates a lexical tone enhancement CI strategy, pk-Ctone, that employs a computationally efficient local extrema-based F0 detection algorithm. Acoustic evaluations on two Mandarin monosyllabic corpora assessed both the coarse-scale robustness and fine-scale fidelity of F0 detection. Computational operations required for F0 extraction were quantified, and a clinical trial with 62 participants compared Mandarin speech recognition using pk-Ctone versus a standard envelope-based baseline. Results showed that pk-Ctone reduced the computational operations for F0 extraction by more than 30-fold compared with C-tone. Although this efficiency gain incurred a penalty in fine-scale precision, pk-Ctone achieved improved coarse-scale robustness, as quantified by Accuracy and F1-score. Clinically, pk-Ctone yielded significant improvements in recognition of monosyllabic tones (+10.1% points, pp), monosyllabic words (+19.2 pp), and disyllabic words (+13.0 pp). These findings indicate that pk-Ctone, by preserving coarse-scale F0 tracking robustness while reducing computational cost, maintains clinical effectiveness despite some loss in fine-scale precision, offering a practical solution for power- and resource-constrained CI processors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:02:14Z","timestamp":1790856134000},"page":"2833-2844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and evaluation of pk-Ctone: A computationally efficient strategy for enhanced Mandarin tone perception in cochlear implants"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Yibo","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Otology) 1 , Zhengzhou 450052,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics 2 , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd. 3 , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics 2 , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology Co. Ltd. 3 , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Translational Neuroelectronics 2 , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology Co. 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