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The proposed method is evaluated on the Xeno-canto bird sound database and achieves a macro F1-score of 0.95.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:53:29Z","timestamp":1792151609000},"page":"3119-3133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GraftGIL-Net: A grafting framework on graph inductive learning networks for multi-label bird audio classification"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6520-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noumida","family":"A","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering Trivandrum 1 , Kerala,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5488-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Engineering College 2 , Idukki, Kerala,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101607532165600_c1","first-page":"566","article-title":"Graph-based representation of audio signals for sound event classification","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101607532165600_c2","unstructured":"Andersson, T. 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