{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:57:21Z","timestamp":1790859441961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DC020240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC020240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTE) are vocal exercises involving partial occlusion in the front part of the vocal tract, often through phonation into a narrow tube. Although SOVTE are widely used in voice therapy and pedagogy, the physiological mechanisms underlying their therapeutic benefits remain unclear. In this computational study, voice production at different vocal fold configurations with and without semi-occlusion was investigated in a three-dimensional model. Semi-occlusion significantly increased phonation threshold pressure under conditions of weak vocal fold adduction. Under conditions of strong vocal fold adduction, semi-occlusion reduced mean glottal area and increased the duration of glottal closure. These findings suggest two possible adaptation mechanisms through which SOVTE may guide speakers toward an efficient phonatory configuration. For speakers with hypofunctional voice, increased respiratory effort associated with elevated phonation threshold pressure may encourage increased vocal fold adduction. For speakers with habitually tight vocal fold adduction, increased duration of vocal fold contact may alter mechanosensory feedback and promote compensatory reductions in vocal fold adduction. Together, these adaptations may facilitate adoption of an intermediate vocal fold adduction configuration, which is associated with high vocal efficiency and reduced risk of vocal fold injury. Such adaptation effects may persist briefly after SOVTE but gradually diminish over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:02:21Z","timestamp":1790856141000},"page":"2736-2743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of speaker adaptation to semi-occluded vocal tract exercises: Insights from computational phonation modeling"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles , 31-24 Rehabilitation Center 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095-1794","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108021908100_c50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00417.2002","article-title":"Mucosal afferents mediate laryngeal adductor responses in the cat","volume":"93","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.09.031","article-title":"Acoustic, aerodynamic, morphometric, and perceptual changes during and after semi-occluded vocal tract exercise: An integrative review","volume":"38","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430510006677","article-title":"Artificially lengthened and constricted vocal tract in vocal training methods","volume":"30","year":"2005","journal-title":"Logoped. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/003)","article-title":"A quantitative output-cost ratio in voice production","volume":"44","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c3","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effects of a vocal tract constriction on the glottal source: Data from voiced consonants","volume-title":"Laryngeal Function in Phonation and Respiration","author":"Baer","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1121\/1.423073","article-title":"Voice F0 responses to manipulations in pitch feedback","volume":"103","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.08.004","article-title":"Effect of variations to a simulated system of straw phonation therapy on aerodynamic parameters using excised canine larynges","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.05.009","article-title":"Semioccluded vocal tract exercises: Aerodynamic and electroglottographic measurements in singers","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL172","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4959965","article-title":"Experimental validation of a three-dimensional reduced-order continuum model of phonation","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108021908100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1159\/000536002","article-title":"Immediate effects of semi-occluded vocal tract exercises on acoustic, auditory-perceptual, and self-perceptual measures of voice production","volume":"76","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c54","first-page":"1114817","article-title":"A review of the peripheral proprioceptive apparatus in the larynx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2018.01.025","article-title":"Impact stress in water resistance voice therapy: A physical modeling study","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100108021908100_c56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-17-0490","article-title":"Experimental and computational modeling of the effects of voice therapy using tubes","volume":"62","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100108021908100_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2011.03.003","article-title":"The effect of resonance tubes on glottal contact quotient with and without task instruction: A comparison of trained and untrained voices","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3203.556","article-title":"Spectral correlates of glottal voice source waveform characteristics","volume":"32","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.09.010","article-title":"Air pressure and contact quotient measures during different semioccluded postures in subjects with different voice conditions","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100108021908100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.09.005","article-title":"Efficacy of water resistance therapy in subjects diagnosed with behavioral dysphonia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523.e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.02.007","article-title":"Vocal tract and glottal function during and after vocal exercising with resonance tube and straw","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100108021908100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2013.01.017","article-title":"Changes in glottal contact quotient during resonance tube phonation and phonation with vibrato","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2014.10.022","article-title":"Vocal fold adjustment caused by phonation into a tube: A double-case study using computed tomography","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0302.156","article-title":"Vocal pitch variation related to changes in vocal fold length","volume":"3","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0304.361","article-title":"A laminagraphic study of vocal pitch","volume":"3","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(98)80031-3","article-title":"Mechanical and dynamical\n aspects of voice production as related to voice therapy and phonsurgery","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80305-4","article-title":"Measurement of vocal fold intraglottal pressure and impact stress","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100108021908100_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15175","article-title":"Speech auditory-motor adaptation to formant-shifted feedback lacks an explicit component: Reduced adaptation in adults who stutter reflects limitations in implicit sensorimotor learning","volume":"53","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1330-z","article-title":"Interactions between auditory and somatosensory feedback for voice F 0 control","volume":"187","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2026100108021908100_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439209098733","article-title":"About the so called \u2018resonance tubes\u2019 used in Finnish voice training practice: An electroglottographic and acoustic investigation on the effects of this method on the voice quality of subjects with normal voice","volume":"17","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Logop. Phoniatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000266370","article-title":"On the effects of various vocal training methods on glottal resistance and efficiency: A preliminary report","volume":"47","year":"1995","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(96)80020-8","article-title":"A physiological and acoustic study on voiced bilabial fricative\/\u03b2:\/as a vocal exercise","volume":"10","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439.2014.913074","article-title":"Intraoral pressures produced by thirteen semi-occluded vocal tract gestures","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Logop. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(88)80019-5","article-title":"Effect of the vocal tract yielding sidewall on inverse filter analysis of the glottal waveform","volume":"2","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100108021908100_c58","first-page":"386","article-title":"Effects of straw phonation through tubes of varied lengths on sustained vowels in normal-voiced participants","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3035829","article-title":"Talkers alter vowel production in response to real-time formant perturbation even when instructed not to compensate","volume":"125","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5116681","article-title":"Vocal tract shape and acoustic adjustments of children during phonation into narrow flow-resistant tubes","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c59","first-page":"245","article-title":"Effectiveness of semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTEs) in patients with dysphonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-56872008000400010","article-title":"Investigation of the immediate effects of two semi-ocluded vocal tract exercises","volume":"20","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pro Fono."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.05.014","article-title":"Immediate effects of semi-occluded vocal tract exercises as a vocal warm-up in singers","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430701207790","article-title":"The resonance tube method in voice therapy: Description and practical implementations","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Logop. Phoniatr. Vocol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2302.274","article-title":"Effects of laryngeal topical anesthesia on voice fundamental frequency perturbation","volume":"23","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c31","unstructured":"Story, B. H. (1995). \u201cPhysiologically-based speech simulation using an enhanced wave-reflection model of the vocal tract,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, Chap. 2."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(00)80003-X","article-title":"Acoustic impedance of an artificially lengthened and constricted vocal tract","volume":"14","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2019.07.001","article-title":"Effects of varying lengths and diameters during straw phonation on an excised canine model","volume":"35","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/035)","article-title":"Voice training and therapy with a semi-occluded vocal tract: Rationale and scientific underpinnings","volume":"49","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382973","article-title":"A theoretical study of the effects of various laryngeal configurations on the acoustics of phonation","volume":"66","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418246","article-title":"Acoustic interactions of the voice source with the lower vocal tract","volume":"101","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108021908100_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0043582","article-title":"Dynamic 3D MRI of vocal fold oscillations: In vivo assessment of vocal fold thickness, contact area, and glottal area waveform across phonation types in comparison with high-speed imaging","volume":"159","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c37","volume-title":"Lessac-Madsen Resonant Voice Therapy Clinician Manual","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(98)80021-0","article-title":"Laryngeal adduction in resonant voice","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL159","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4959599","article-title":"A parametric vocal fold model based on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116113","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0292598","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of one-dimensional glottal flow model in predicting voice production: Comparison to experiments and three-dimensional flow simulations","volume":"37","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108021908100_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4944754","article-title":"Cause-effect relationship between vocal fold physiology and voice production in a three-dimensional phonation model","volume":"139","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5008497","article-title":"Effect of vocal fold stiffness on voice production in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108021908100_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5116138","article-title":"Vocal fold contact pressure in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001796","article-title":"Laryngeal strategies to minimize vocal fold contact pressure and their effect on voice production","volume":"148","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009033","article-title":"Contribution of laryngeal size to differences between male and female voice production","volume":"150","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108021908100_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025201","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003393","article-title":"Interaction between epilaryngeal and laryngeal adjustments in regulating vocal fold contact pressure","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0012365","article-title":"Oral vibratory sensations during voice production at different laryngeal and semi-occluded vocal tract configurations","volume":"152","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026100108021908100_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4739437","article-title":"Asymmetric vibration in a two-layer vocal fold model with left-right stiffness asymmetry: Experiment and simulation","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108021908100_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065202","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0044145","article-title":"Imaging vocal fold medial surface vibration across chest, head, whistle, and creaky voice production using optical coherence tomography: A single subject study","volume":"6","year":"2026","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/160\/4\/2736\/21158115\/2736_1_10.0046764.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/160\/4\/2736\/21158115\/2736_1_10.0046764.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1790856145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/160\/4\/2736\/3405723\/Mechanisms-of-speaker-adaptation-to-semi-occluded"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0046764","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}