{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:01:56Z","timestamp":1790859716773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-25-1-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-25-1-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-24-1-2785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-24-1-2785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bottom-reflected acoustic arrivals from muddy seabeds can exhibit incident grazing angle-dependent reflection loss associated with the angle of intromission. Previous studies investigated this phenomenon through bottom-reflection measurements on individual hydrophones. In this Letter, acoustic transmissions from a towed source in two mid-frequency bands (3.5\u20134.5 and 5.5\u20136.5\u2009kHz) are analyzed using vertical line array hydrophones deployed on the Washington shelf. Weak bottom-reflected arrivals are observed, exhibiting more complex frequency-dependent behavior than predicted by a homogeneous muddy halfspace. Guided by sub-bottom profiler measurements, a preliminary multilayer analysis shows that interference among reflections from multiple sediment layers provides a plausible explanation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:41:09Z","timestamp":1790858469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vertical line array observations of the angles of intromission into a layered shallow water seabed"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1839-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego 1 , La Jolla, California 92093,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5320-3272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Tsong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego 1 , La Jolla, California 92093,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William S.","family":"Hodgkiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego 1 , La Jolla, California 92093,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8175-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian T.","family":"Hefner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington 2 , Seattle, Washington 98105,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington 2 , Seattle, Washington 98105,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100108410320600_c1","volume-title":"Computational Ocean Acoustics","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108410320600_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1461836","article-title":"Geoacoustic inversion for fine-grained sediments","volume":"111","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108410320600_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066001","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005153","article-title":"Sound speed gradients in mud","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108410320600_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0011472","article-title":"Acoustic resonances within the surficial layer of a muddy seabed","volume":"151","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2026100108410320600_c5","unstructured":"R. W.\n            Roberts\n          , \u201cMarine sedimentological data of the Washington continental shelf,\u201d Special Report No. 57, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (1974)."},{"key":"2026100108410320600_c6","volume-title":"The BELLHOP Manual and User's Guide: Preliminary Draft","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["JASA Express Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0046787\/21158617\/106001_1_10.0046787.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0046787\/21158617\/106001_1_10.0046787.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:41:11Z","timestamp":1790858471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jel\/article\/6\/10\/106001\/3405757\/Vertical-line-array-observations-of-the-angles-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0046787","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1191"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1191","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"106001"}}