{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:45:39Z","timestamp":1792673139864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62371151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The short-observation condition in noncooperative underwater acoustic direct-sequence spread spectrum signals analysis makes conventional pseudonoise (PN)-code period estimation face problems such as degraded noise robustness and insufficient suppression of information-symbol-induced multiplicative interference (IMI). In this paper, a homomorphic cyclostationary morphology matching method is proposed to address these issues. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed method does not rely on spectral-line extraction and spacing estimation supported by long observations, but estimates the PN-code period by applying morphology matching to the homomorphically filtered received-signal autocorrelation. The received-signal autocorrelation is transformed into the homomorphic domain to convert the IMI into an additive structure. Candidate-period time synchronous averaging is then applied to average delay-domain values separated by each candidate period, enhancing the cyclostationary PN-code component and suppressing noise and IMI with less reliance on the number of available information symbols. A homomorphic cyclostationary morphology matching degree is further defined to quantify the morphology matching result, and the PN-code period is estimated by selecting the candidate period that maximizes this degree. Numerical simulations and experimental data demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods under short-observation and low-signal-to-noise-ratio conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0046853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1792670538000},"page":"3271-3289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Homomorphic cyclostationary morphology matching for short-observation underwater acoustic pseudonoise-code period estimation"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University 4 , Sanya 572024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University 4 , Sanya 572024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No. 703 Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 5 , Harbin 150078,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huigong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University 4 , Sanya 572024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University 1 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 2 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University 3 , Harbin 150001,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Sanya Nanhai Innovation and Development Base of Harbin Engineering University 4 , Sanya 572024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102208021451200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2025.3599256","article-title":"Underwater acoustic OTFS with nonuniform Doppler shifts: Modeling and off-grid block-sparse channel estimation algorithm","volume":"51","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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