{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:06:45Z","timestamp":1770905205665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sperm whales produce different click types for echolocation and communication. Usual clicks and buzzes appear to be used primarily in foraging while codas are thought to function in social communication. The function of slow clicks is less clear, but they appear to be produced by males at higher latitudes, where they primarily forage solitarily, and on the breeding grounds, where they roam between groups of females. Here the behavioral context in which these vocalizations are produced and the function they may serve was investigated. Ninety-nine hours of acoustic and diving data were analyzed from sound recording tags on six male sperm whales in Northern Norway. The 755 slow clicks detected were produced by tagged animals at the surface (52%), ascending from a dive (37%), and during the bottom phase (11%), but never during the descent. Slow clicks were not associated with the production of buzzes, other echolocation clicks, or fast maneuvering that would indicate foraging. Some slow clicks were emitted in seemingly repetitive temporal patterns supporting the hypothesis that the function for slow clicks on the feeding grounds is long range communication between males, possibly relaying information about individual identity or behavioral states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4795798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,7]],"date-time":"2013-05-07T13:11:23Z","timestamp":1367932283000},"page":"3135-3144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The function of male sperm whale slow clicks in a high latitude habitat: Communication, echolocation, or prey debilitation?"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas e Instituto do Mar\u2013 Universidade dos A\u00e7ores , Horta, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Wahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fjord&B\u00e6lt , Kerteminde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Patrick J. O.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, , Aarhus, Denmark"}]}],"member":"231","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023071705114929800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2307\/1381497","article-title":"Sperm whales react to an attack by killer whales","volume":"68","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mammal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071705114929800_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01242.x","article-title":"Estimates of sperm whale abundance in the Northeastern Temperate Pacific from a combined acoustic and visual survey","volume":"21","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071705114929800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2211508","article-title":"Testing the odontocete acoustic prey debilitation hypothesis: No stunning results","volume":"120","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2985-5","article-title":"Social organization in sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus","volume-title":"Behavior of Marine Animals","author":"Winn","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Patterns of reproduction in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus","volume":"6","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue)"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2011.9753630","article-title":"Click communication in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioacoustics"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c7","first-page":"199","article-title":"Group living in whales and dolphins","volume-title":"Cetacean societies","author":"Mann","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071705114929800_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00882.x","article-title":"The sperm whale's nose sexual selection on a grand scale?","volume":"15","year":"1999","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071705114929800_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1937283","article-title":"Click rates and silences of sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand","volume":"118","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315498000666","article-title":"Behavioural and acoustic observations of sperm whales in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands","volume":"79","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c11","unstructured":"Gordon, J. C. (1987). \u201cThe behaviour and ecology of sperm whales off Sri Lanka,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Darwin College, Cambridge."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071705114929800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04807.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a method for determining the length of sperm whales (Physeter catodon) from their vocalizations","volume":"224","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071705114929800_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1360718","article-title":"Vocal behavior of male sperm whales: Why do they click?","volume":"109","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S383","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0208","article-title":"Beaked whales echolocate on prey","volume":"271","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071705114929800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2002.808212","article-title":"A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c16","first-page":"671","volume-title":"Numerical Ecology","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023071705114929800_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-102","article-title":"Social structure and residency in aggregations of male sperm whales","volume":"80","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c18","first-page":"489","article-title":"Estimates of growth and energy budget for the sperm whale, Physeter catodon","volume-title":"Mammals in the Seas","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.13.1899","article-title":"Sperm whale sound production studied with ultrasound time\/depth recording tags","volume":"205","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-002-0548-1","article-title":"Male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) acoustics in a high-latitude habitat: implications for echolocation and communication","volume":"53","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023071705114929800_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1572137","article-title":"Sound production in neonate sperm whales","volume":"113","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.11.003","article-title":"Stereotypical resting behavior of the sperm whale","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2863","article-title":"Sperm whale behaviour indicates the use of echolocation click buzzes \u2018creaks\u2019 in prey capture","volume":"271","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00993","article-title":"Swimming gaits, passive drag and buoyancy of diving sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus","volume":"207","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428329","article-title":"Sperm whale clicks: Directionality and source level revisited","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071705114929800_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1586258","article-title":"The monopulsed nature of sperm whale clicks","volume":"114","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1139\/f88-205","article-title":"Behaviour and vocalizations of two single sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, off Nova Scotia","volume":"45","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c28","first-page":"397","article-title":"A theory for the function of the spermaceti organ of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon L.)","volume-title":"Animal Orientation and Navigation","author":"Galler","year":"1972"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071705114929800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1086\/284120","article-title":"Can odontocetes debilitate prey with sound?","volume":"122","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071705114929800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01000.x","article-title":"Killer whale predation on sperm whales: Observations and implications","volume":"17","year":"2001","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.03.001","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in sperm whale coda vocalizations: stable usage and local dialects","volume":"70","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071705114929800_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1689346","article-title":"Measuring sperm whales from their clicks: Stability of interpulse intervals and validation that they indicate whale length","volume":"115","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c33","first-page":"177","article-title":"Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758","volume-title":"Handbook of Marine Mammals","author":"Ridgway","year":"1989"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.015081","article-title":"The responses of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to ultrasound-emitting predators: stress, behavioural changes or debilitation?","volume":"211","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80726-2","article-title":"Splitting behaviour into bouts","volume":"39","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"issue":"2\/4","key":"2023071705114929800_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1163\/156853982X00229","article-title":"Minimising errors in splitting behaviour into bouts","volume":"79","year":"1982","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071705114929800_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01243.x","article-title":"Patterns of sound production in diving sperm whales in the Northwestern Mediterranean","volume":"21","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Sci."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2007.10.010","article-title":"Shallow food for deep divers: Dynamic foraging behavior of male sperm whales in a high latitude habitat","volume":"354","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1482077","article-title":"Depth-dependent acoustic features of diving sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)","volume":"112","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1150-1","article-title":"Communication and acoustic behavior of whales and dolphins","volume-title":"Hearing in Whales and Dolphins. Handbook on Auditory Research","author":"Au","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381678","article-title":"Sperm whale codas","volume":"62","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01101.x","article-title":"Deep-diving foraging behaviour of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)","volume":"75","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-282","article-title":"Distinctive vocalizations from mature male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)","volume":"66","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1139\/z93-098","article-title":"Coda communication by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) off the Galapagos Islands","volume":"71","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050343","article-title":"Group-specific dialects and geographical variation in coda repertoire in South Pacific sperm whales","volume":"40","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071705114929800_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1139\/z93-093","article-title":"The behaviour of mature male sperm whale on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands breeding grounds","volume":"71","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c46","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023071705114929800_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-130","article-title":"Distribution and behaviour of male sperm whales on the Scotian shelf, Canada","volume":"70","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1163\/156853991X00328","article-title":"Patterns of visually observable behavior and vocalizations in groups of female sperm whales","volume":"118","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behavior"},{"key":"2023071705114929800_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0005","article-title":"Intense ultrasonic clicks from echolocating toothed whales do not elicit anti-predator responses or debilitate the squid Logilo pealeii","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071705114929800_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1828501","article-title":"Three-dimensional beam pattern of regular sperm whale clicks confirms bent-horn hypothesis","volume":"117","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/133\/5\/3135\/13507749\/3135_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article-pdf\/133\/5\/3135\/13507749\/3135_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T05:11:57Z","timestamp":1689570717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jasa\/article\/133\/5\/3135\/610061\/The-function-of-male-sperm-whale-slow-clicks-in-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4795798","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-4966","1520-8524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-4966","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-8524","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}}}