{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:47:51Z","timestamp":1769075271991,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors examined if body mass index (BMI), weight, and height across age groups differ between adults with Down syndrome (DS) and adults with intellectual disability but without DS. They conducted secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from 45,803 individuals from the United States from 2009 to 2014 of the National Core Indicators Adult Consumer Survey across five age groups: 18\u201329, 30\u201339, 40\u201349, 50\u201359, and 60+ years. For both men and women with DS, BMI and weight increased between the 18- to 29- and the 30- to 39-year age groups and decreased thereafter. For both men and women with intellectual disability, BMI and weight increased between the 18- to 29- and the 30- to 39-year age groups, stayed about the same until the 50- to 59-year age group, and decreased thereafter. Height demonstrated a small but significant decrease with older age in all groups. These cross-sectional comparisons indicate that BMI and weight may start decreasing at a younger age in adults with DS than in adults with intellectual disability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2020-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T06:34:18Z","timestamp":1607754858000},"page":"79-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Age-Group Differences in Body Mass Index, Weight, and Height in Adults With Down Syndrome and Adults With Intellectual Disability From the United States"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Stamatis","family":"Agiovlasitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Mississippi State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jooyeon","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Seoul"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joonkoo","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3East Carolina University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12713","article-title":"Exploring the effectiveness of an 18-month weight management intervention in adults with Down syndrome using propensity score matching","volume":"64","author":"Ptomey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12687","article-title":"The effect of aquatic exercises on the physical and functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: A non-randomised controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Boer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref631","first-page":"160","article-title":"Intellectual and developmental disability: Healthcare financing","volume":"2,","author":"Ervin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health,"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12067","article-title":"Health disparities of adults with intellectual disabilities: What do we know? What do we do?","volume":"27","author":"Krahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00616.x","article-title":"Obesity in adults with Down syndrome: A case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Melville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.1.67","article-title":"Unintentional weight loss predicts decline in activities of daily living function and life-space mobility over 4 years among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"63","author":"Ritchie","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series: A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.30.4.373","article-title":"Body mass index trends among adult U.S. Special Olympians, 2005\u20132010","volume":"30","author":"Foley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-150741","article-title":"National Core Indicators\u00a9: Data on the current state of employment of adults with IDD and suggestions for policy development","volume":"42","author":"Butterworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"728","article-title":"Unintentional weight loss in older adults","volume":"89","author":"Gaddey","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Family Physician,"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.136","article-title":"Health disparities and intellectual disabilities: Lessons from individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Ploeg Booth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-50.2.92","article-title":"Demographic characteristics, health conditions, and residential service use in adults with Down syndrome in 25 U.S. states","volume":"50","author":"Stancliffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.10.002","article-title":"Impact of obesity and Down syndrome on peak heart rate and aerobic capacity in youth and adults","volume":"36,","author":"Wee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1659","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of Down\u2019s syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study","volume":"158","author":"Pinter","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1659","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of Down\u2019s syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study","volume":"158","author":"Pinter","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry,"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817f19a1","article-title":"Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with Mental Retardation","volume":"40","author":"Baynard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9096-1","article-title":"The impact of aging on eating, drinking, and swallowing function in people with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Lazenby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dysphagia,"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301597","article-title":"Body Mass Index categories and mortality risk in US adults: The effect of overweight and obesity on advancing death","volume":"104","author":"Borrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health,"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"160","article-title":"Intellectual and developmental disability: Healthcare financing","volume":"2,","author":"Ervin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health,"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.30.4.373","article-title":"Body mass index trends among adult U.S. Special Olympians, 2005\u20132010","volume":"30","author":"Foley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-50.2.92","article-title":"Demographic characteristics, health conditions, and residential service use in adults with Down syndrome in 25 U.S. states","volume":"50","author":"Stancliffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096868","article-title":"Health conditions and their impact among adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Pikora","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12446","article-title":"Early death and causes of death of people with Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2010.05.003","article-title":"Health disparities among adults with physical disabilities or cognitive limitations compared to individuals with no disabilities in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Reichard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal,"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124120","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment, metropolitan Atlanta, 1991\u20132010","volume":"10","author":"Van Naarden Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"287","article-title":"Ultrastructural features of skeletal muscle in adult and aging Ts65Dn mice, a murine model of Down syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Cisterna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal,"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31816a85ce","article-title":"Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults","volume":"40","author":"Frimel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among adults: United States, 1999-2000 through 2015-2016","author":"Fryar","year":"2018","journal-title":"National Health Statistics Reports,"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2000.00308.x","article-title":"Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability","volume":"44","author":"Gravestock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00617.x","article-title":"Underweight, obesity and exercise among adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation in Northern England","volume":"49","author":"Emerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12687","article-title":"The effect of aquatic exercises on the physical and functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome: A non-randomised controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Boer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12075","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012075","article-title":"Weight loss increases all-cause mortality in overweight or obese patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine,"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Physical dimensions of aging","author":"Spirduso","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.018","article-title":"Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"32","author":"Maulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA,"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12325","article-title":"Accelerated epigenetic aging in Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell,"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.10.007","article-title":"Down syndrome and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Common pathways, common goals","volume":"11","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia,"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803178","article-title":"Change in height, weight and body mass index: Longitudinal data from the HUNT Study in Norway","volume":"30","author":"Dr\u00f8yvold","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity,"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31816a85ce","article-title":"Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults","volume":"40","author":"Frimel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12987-X","article-title":"Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Roizen","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet,"},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.1.67","article-title":"Unintentional weight loss predicts decline in activities of daily living function and life-space mobility over 4 years among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"63","author":"Ritchie","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series: A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2003.04.005","article-title":"Weight loss in adults with Down syndrome and with dementia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Prasher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12325","article-title":"Accelerated epigenetic aging in Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell,"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20163","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Down syndrome: Neurobiology and risk","volume":"13","author":"Zigman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs091","article-title":"Low fat-free mass as a marker of mortality in community-dwelling healthy elderly subjects","volume":"42","author":"Genton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age and Ageing,"},{"key":"ref591","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00616.x","article-title":"Obesity in adults with Down syndrome: A case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Melville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among adults: United States, 1999-2000 through 2015-2016","author":"Fryar","year":"2018","journal-title":"National Health Statistics Reports,"},{"key":"ref291","volume-title":"Exercise physiology: Nutrition, energy, and human performance","author":"McArdle","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817f19a1","article-title":"Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with Mental Retardation","volume":"40","author":"Baynard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12384","article-title":"Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12100","article-title":"Obesity and associated factors in adults with intellectual disability","volume":"58","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.013","article-title":"Current estimate of Down syndrome population prevalence in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Presson","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics,"},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(1998)036<0175:OPIPWD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Rubin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mental Retardation,"},{"key":"ref901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2010.05.003","article-title":"Health disparities among adults with physical disabilities or cognitive limitations compared to individuals with no disabilities in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Reichard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal,"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.013","article-title":"Current estimate of Down syndrome population prevalence in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Presson","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics,"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Physical dimensions of aging","author":"Spirduso","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12446","article-title":"Early death and causes of death of people with Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00548.x","article-title":"Overweight and obesity amongst Down\u2019s syndrome adults","volume":"39","author":"Prasher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00617.x","article-title":"Underweight, obesity and exercise among adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation in Northern England","volume":"49","author":"Emerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124120","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment, metropolitan Atlanta, 1991\u20132010","volume":"10","author":"Van Naarden Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA,"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12713","article-title":"Exploring the effectiveness of an 18-month weight management intervention in adults with Down syndrome using propensity score matching","volume":"64","author":"Ptomey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.10.007","article-title":"Down syndrome and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Common pathways, common goals","volume":"11","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia,"},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.6.401","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among adults with intellectual disabilities who use intellectual disability\/developmental disability services in 20 U.S. States","volume":"116","author":"Stancliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12384","article-title":"Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2000.00308.x","article-title":"Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability","volume":"44","author":"Gravestock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2003.04.005","article-title":"Weight loss in adults with Down syndrome and with dementia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Prasher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301597","article-title":"Body Mass Index categories and mortality risk in US adults: The effect of overweight and obesity on advancing death","volume":"104","author":"Borrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health,"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00004","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults","volume":"119","author":"Williamson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine,"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12067","article-title":"Health disparities of adults with intellectual disabilities: What do we know? What do we do?","volume":"27","author":"Krahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.018","article-title":"Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"32","author":"Maulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12100","article-title":"Obesity and associated factors in adults with intellectual disability","volume":"58","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs091","article-title":"Low fat-free mass as a marker of mortality in community-dwelling healthy elderly subjects","volume":"42","author":"Genton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age and Ageing,"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"287","article-title":"Ultrastructural features of skeletal muscle in adult and aging Ts65Dn mice, a murine model of Down syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Cisterna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal,"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20163","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Down syndrome: Neurobiology and risk","volume":"13","author":"Zigman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.7.1048","article-title":"Physical activity in a large sample of adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Activity and Health,"},{"key":"ref801","volume-title":"Exercise physiology: Nutrition, energy, and human performance","author":"McArdle","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00004","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults","volume":"119","author":"Williamson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine,"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"17","article-title":"A comparison between older persons with Down syndrome and a control group: Clinical characteristics, functional status and sensorimotor function","volume":"9","author":"Carmeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Down Syndrome Research and Practice,"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00548.x","article-title":"Overweight and obesity amongst Down\u2019s syndrome adults","volume":"39","author":"Prasher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.10.002","article-title":"Impact of obesity and Down syndrome on peak heart rate and aerobic capacity in youth and adults","volume":"36,","author":"Wee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"17","article-title":"A comparison between older persons with Down syndrome and a control group: Clinical characteristics, functional status and sensorimotor function","volume":"9","author":"Carmeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Down Syndrome Research and Practice,"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12987-X","article-title":"Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Roizen","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet,"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33563-z","article-title":"Observational evidence for unintentional weight loss in all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"De Stefani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports,"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.7.1048","article-title":"Physical activity in a large sample of adults with intellectual disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Activity and Health,"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9096-1","article-title":"The impact of aging on eating, drinking, and swallowing function in people with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Lazenby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dysphagia,"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(1998)036<0175:OPIPWD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Rubin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mental Retardation,"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096868","article-title":"Health conditions and their impact among adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Pikora","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"728","article-title":"Unintentional weight loss in older adults","volume":"89","author":"Gaddey","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Family Physician,"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803178","article-title":"Change in height, weight and body mass index: Longitudinal data from the HUNT Study in Norway","volume":"30","author":"Dr\u00f8yvold","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity,"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-150741","article-title":"National Core Indicators\u00a9: Data on the current state of employment of adults with IDD and suggestions for policy development","volume":"42","author":"Butterworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12075","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012075","article-title":"Weight loss increases all-cause mortality in overweight or obese patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine,"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100073","article-title":"Trends in\u00a0group inequalities and interindividual inequalities in BMI in the United States, 1993\u20132012","volume":"101","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01006.x","article-title":"Factors predicting mortality in midlife adults with and without Down syndrome living with family","volume":"51","author":"Esbensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.136","article-title":"Health disparities and intellectual disabilities: Lessons from individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Ploeg Booth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics,"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01006.x","article-title":"Factors predicting mortality in midlife adults with and without Down syndrome living with family","volume":"51","author":"Esbensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33563-z","article-title":"Observational evidence for unintentional weight loss in all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"De Stefani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports,"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.6.401","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among adults with intellectual disabilities who use intellectual disability\/developmental disability services in 20 U.S. States","volume":"116","author":"Stancliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100073","article-title":"Trends in\u00a0group inequalities and interindividual inequalities in BMI in the United States, 1993\u20132012","volume":"101","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics,"}],"container-title":["Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/38\/1\/article-p79.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apaq\/38\/1\/article-p79.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T17:08:25Z","timestamp":1652980105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/38\/1\/article-p79.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/apaq.2020-0004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5829","1543-2777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5829","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}}}