{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T17:44:46Z","timestamp":1766079886180,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    To compare the pacing profiles of elite track athletes with intellectual impairments (II) and those with Down syndrome (DS) in 400- and 1,500-m track events.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The pacing data of 67 elite runners participating in the final 400-m (both genders) and 1,500-m (only males) track events of the Global Games (2023) were analyzed. Runners competed in two classes: a class for runners with II (without DS) and a separate class for runners with DS.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    For the 400-m event, male and female runners in both classes decelerated from the first segment (0\u2013200\u00a0m) to the second segment (200\u2013400\u00a0m) as the time main effect was significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001); however, the pacing strategy for both genders differed between the II and DS class as reported by the significant Gender\u2009\u00d7\u2009Class interaction effect (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The running velocity over the two segments of the race decreased more significantly for the II runners without DS. There was also a significant interaction effect for the 1,500-m race (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The DS runners show a more significant drop in running velocity over the split times of the race and with more varied fluctuations compared with the II runners without DS.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    This study highlights the significant differences in pacing between 400- and 1,500-m elite runners with II and with and without DS. Elite runners with DS run at an overall slower velocity and follow a significantly different pacing pattern compared with runners with II without DS. Our findings show that runners with DS are less able to regulate their exercise intensity over the race than runners with II without DS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2024-0181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T23:06:59Z","timestamp":1747782419000},"page":"481-499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance and Pacing Profiles of Competitive Track Events for Elite Athletes With Intellectual Impairment With and Without Additional Significant Impairments"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3622-2599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pieter","family":"Boer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-4789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Virtus Academy, Virtus World Intellectual Impairment Sport, Sheffield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-4679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debbie","family":"Van Biesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virtus Academy, Virtus World Intellectual Impairment Sport, Sheffield, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Saudi Medical Journal,","first-page":"219","article-title":"Congenital heart diseases and other major anomalies in patients with Down syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Abbag, F.I.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbag, F.I. (2006). Congenital heart diseases and other major anomalies in patients with Down syndrome. Saudi Medical Journal, 27(2), 219\u2013222."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00004","article-title":"Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition","volume":"38","author":"Abbiss, C.R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbiss, C.R., & Laursen, P.B. (2008). Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. Sports Medicine, 38, 239\u2013252. 10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00004"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31817f19a1","article-title":"Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: A 20-yr review","volume":"40","author":"Baynard, T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baynard, T., Pitetti, K.H., Guerra, M., Unnithan, V.B., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: A 20-yr review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 1984\u20131989. 10.1249\/mss.0b013e31817f19a1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4","series-title":"Pediatrics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0123","article-title":"Trends in congenital heart defects in infants with Down syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m, S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, S., Carr, H., Petersson, G., Stephansson, O., Bonamy, A.E., Dahlstr\u00f6m, A., Halvorsen, C.P., & Johansson, S. (2016). Trends in congenital heart defects in infants with Down syndrome, Pediatrics, 138(1), Article 123. 10.1542\/peds.2016-0123"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Functional fitness for adults living with Down syndrome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/aosis.2021.BK252","author":"Boer, P.H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boer, P.H. (2022). Functional fitness for adults living with Down syndrome (pp.\u00a01\u2013135). AOSIS. 10.4102\/aosis.2021.BK252"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12251","article-title":"Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Boer, P.H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boer, P.H., & Moss, S.J. (2016). Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60, 322\u2013334. 10.1111\/jir.12251"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38512","article-title":"Co\u2010occurring medical conditions in adults with Down syndrome: A systematic review toward the development of health care guidelines","volume":"176","author":"Capone, G.T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capone, G.T., Chicoine, B., Bulova, P., Stephens, M., Hart, S., Crissman, B., Videlefsky, A., Myers, K., Roizen, N., Esbensen, A., & Peterson, M. (2018). Co\u2010occurring medical conditions in adults with Down syndrome: A systematic review toward the development of health care guidelines. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 176(1), 116\u2013133. 10.1002\/ajmg.a.38512"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","first-page":"316","article-title":"Isokinetic leg strength of institutionalized older adults with mental retardation with and without Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Ayalon, M., Barchad, S., Sheklow, S.L.& Reznick, A.Z. (2002). Isokinetic leg strength of institutionalized older adults with mental retardation with and without Down\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16, 316\u2013320."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interaction,","first-page":"457","article-title":"Muscle power, locomotor performance and flexibility in aging mentally retarded adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Bar-Chad, S., Lenger, R., & Coleman, R. (2002). Muscle power, locomotor performance and flexibility in aging mentally retarded adults with and without Down syndrome. Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interaction, 2, 457\u2013462."},{"issue":"2","key":"r10","series-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.2.M106","article-title":"Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with Down syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Kessel, S., Coleman, R., & Ayalon, M. (2002). Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with Down syndrome. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(2), M106\u2013M110. 10.1093\/gerona\/57.2.M106"},{"issue":"23","key":"r11","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312589","article-title":"Pacing profiles of middle-distance running world records in men and women","volume":"18","author":"Casado, A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casado, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rav\u00e9, J.M., & Boullosa, D. (2021). Pacing profiles of middle-distance running world records in men and women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), Article 12589. 10.3390\/ijerph182312589"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Eribaum."},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90086-6","article-title":"Peak torque, average power, and hamstring\/quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation","volume":"77","author":"Croce, R.V.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Croce, R.V., Pitetti, K.H., Horvat, M., & Miller, J. (1996). Peak torque, average power, and hamstring\/quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(4), 369\u2013372. 10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90086-6"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00591","article-title":"Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Davies, M.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davies, M.J., Clark, B., Welvaert, M., Skorski, S., Garvican-Lewis, L.A., Saunders, P., & Thompson, K.G. (2016). Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 591\u2013613. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00591"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015863","article-title":"Regulation of pacing strategy during athletic competition","volume":"6","author":"De Koning, J.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Koning, J.J., Foster, C., Bakkum, A., Kloppenburg, S., Thiel, C., Joseph, T., Cohen, J., & Porcari, J.P. (2011). Regulation of pacing strategy during athletic competition. PLoS One, 6(1), Article 15863. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0015863"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"Performance Enhancement & Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health","volume":"11","author":"Edwards, A.M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edwards, A.M., & Hettinga, F.J. (2023). Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health. Performance Enhancement & Health, 11(2), Article 100253. 10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0080","article-title":"Pacing and self-regulation: Important skills for talent development in endurance sports","volume":"12","author":"Elferink-Gemser, M.T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2017). Pacing and self-regulation: Important skills for talent development in endurance sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(6), 831\u2013835. 10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0080"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318292f408","article-title":"Reduced work capacity in individuals with Down syndrome: A consequence of autonomic dysfunction?","volume":"41","author":"Fernhall, B.O.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernhall, B.O., Mendonca, G.V., & Baynard, T. (2013). Reduced work capacity in individuals with Down syndrome: A consequence of autonomic dysfunction? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 138\u2013147. 10.1097\/JES.0b013e318292f408"},{"issue":"2","key":"r19","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192399","article-title":"Pacing behaviour of players in team sports: Influence of match status manipulation and task duration knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Ferraz, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferraz, R., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Coutinho, D., Marinho, D.A., Sampaio, J., & Marques, M.C. (2018). Pacing behaviour of players in team sports: Influence of match status manipulation and task duration knowledge. PLoS One, 13(2), Article 192399. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0192399"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20","series-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315751","article-title":"Musculoskeletal anomalies in children with Down syndrome: An observational study","volume":"104","author":"Foley, C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foley, C., & Killeen O.G. (2019). Musculoskeletal anomalies in children with Down syndrome: An observational study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104(5), 482\u2013487. 10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315751"},{"issue":"3","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0018","article-title":"Classification and intellectual disabilities: An investigation of the factors that predict the performance of athletes with intellectual disability","volume":"12","author":"Gilderthorp, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilderthorp, R., Burns, J., & Jones, F. (2018). Classification and intellectual disabilities: An investigation of the factors that predict the performance of athletes with intellectual disability. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 285\u2013301. 10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0018"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0094-1","article-title":"Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: A review","volume":"43","author":"Jones, H.S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, H.S., Williams, E.L., Bridge, C.A., Marchant, D., Midgley, A.W., Micklewright, D., & Mc Naughton, L.R. (2013). Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: A review. Sports Medicine, 43, 1243\u20131257. 10.1007\/s40279-013-0094-1"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Physiology & Behavior,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.02.023","article-title":"The behavior of an opponent alters pacing decisions in 4-km cycling time trials","volume":"158","author":"Konings, M.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konings, M.J., Schoenmakers, P.P., Walker, A.J., & Hettinga, F.J. (2016). The behavior of an opponent alters pacing decisions in 4-km cycling time trials. Physiology & Behavior, 158, Article 23. 10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.02.023"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Down Syndrome Research and Practise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reviews.2074","article-title":"What is currently known about hypotonia, motor skill development, and physical activity in Down syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Latash, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Latash, M., Wood, L., & Ulrich, D. (2008). What is currently known about hypotonia, motor skill development, and physical activity in Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practise, 10, Article 2074. 10.3104\/reviews.2074"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881302","article-title":"Developing additional competition classes for athletes with intellectual impairments: Conceptual approach and efficacy of an ICF derived measure","volume":"39","author":"Lemmey, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemmey, S., Burns, J., & Jones, F. (2021). Developing additional competition classes for athletes with intellectual impairments: Conceptual approach and efficacy of an ICF derived measure. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 99\u2013108. 10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881302"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Open access Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S38599","article-title":"Factors affecting the regulation of pacing: Current perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Mauger, A.R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mauger, A.R. (2014). Factors affecting the regulation of pacing: Current perspectives. Open access Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 209\u2013214. 10.2147\/OAJSM.S38599"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0901-9","article-title":"Pacing in swimming: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"McGibbon, K.E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGibbon, K.E., Pyne, D.B., Shephard, M.E., & Thompson, K.G. (2018). Pacing in swimming: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48, 1621\u20131633. 10.1007\/s40279-018-0901-9"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.015","article-title":"Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Mendonca G.V.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mendonca G.V., Pereira, F.D., & Fernhall B. (2011). Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92, 37\u201345. 10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.023","article-title":"Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Mendonca, G.V.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., & Fernhall, B. (2013). Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 353\u2013361. 10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.023"},{"issue":"1","key":"r30","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241211","article-title":"Walking economy of adults with Down syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Mendonca, G.V.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., Morato, P.P., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Walking economy of adults with Down syndrome. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(1), 10\u201315. 10.1055\/s-0029-1241211"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Sports Medicine-Open,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00540-w","article-title":"Pacing behaviour development and acquisition: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Edwards, A.M., Hettinga, F.J., & Elferink-Gemser, M.T. (2022). Pacing behaviour development and acquisition: A systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8, 143\u2013160. 10.1186\/s40798-022-00540-w"},{"issue":"20","key":"r32","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1627989","article-title":"Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming","volume":"37","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., Huijgen, B.C., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(20), 2287\u20132299. 10.1080\/02640414.2019.1627989"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00014","article-title":"Optimal development of youth athletes toward elite athletic performance: How to coach their motivation, plan exercise training, and pace the race","volume":"1","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Hendry, D.T., Schiphof-Godart, L., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Optimal development of youth athletes toward elite athletic performance: How to coach their motivation, plan exercise training, and pace the race. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, Article 14. 10.3389\/fspor.2019.00014"},{"issue":"2","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0285","article-title":"Pacing behavior of elite youth athletes: Analyzing 1500-m short-track speed skating","volume":"14","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Konings, M.J., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Pacing behavior of elite youth athletes: Analyzing 1500-m short-track speed skating. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 222\u2013231. 10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0285"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Endurance performance in sport","first-page":"47","article-title":"Decision-making, pacing, and performance in endurance sport","author":"Micklewright, D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Micklewright, D. (2019). Decision-making, pacing, and performance in endurance sport. In C. Meijen (Ed.), Endurance performance in sport (pp.\u00a047\u201369). Routledge."},{"issue":"5","key":"r36","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000839","article-title":"Performance and pacing during cycle exercise in hyperthermic and hypoxic conditions","volume":"48","author":"Periard, J.D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Periard, J.D., & Racinais, S. (2016). Performance and pacing during cycle exercise in hyperthermic and hypoxic conditions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), 845\u2013853. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000839"},{"issue":"9","key":"r37","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.5555\/uri:pii:000399939290157R","article-title":"Isokinetic arm and leg strength of adults with Down syndrome: A comparative study","volume":"73","author":"Pitetti, K.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pitetti, K.H., Climstein, M., Mays, M.J., & Barrett, P.J. (1992). Isokinetic arm and leg strength of adults with Down syndrome: A comparative study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(9), 847\u2013850. 10.5555\/uri:pii:000399939290157R"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"Strength & Conditioning Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000505","article-title":"Keeping pace: A practitioner-focused review of pacing strategies in running","volume":"42","author":"Pryor, J.L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pryor, J.L., Johnson, E.C., Yoder, H.A., & Looney, D.P. (2020). Keeping pace: A practitioner-focused review of pacing strategies in running. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(1), 67\u201375. 10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000505"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"International review of research in developmental disabilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2019.06.002","article-title":"Cognitive profiles in individuals with Down syndrome","author":"Pulina, F.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pulina, F., Vianello, R., & Lanfranchi, S. (2019). Cognitive profiles in individuals with Down syndrome. In S. Lanfranchi (Ed.), International review of research in developmental disabilities (Vol. 56, pp.\u00a067\u201392). Elsevier. 10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2019.06.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40","series-title":"American Journal of Physics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4803068","article-title":"Optimal pacing for running 400-and 800-m track races","volume":"81","author":"Reardon, J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reardon, J. (2013). Optimal pacing for running 400-and 800-m track races. American Journal of Physics, 81(6), 428\u2013435. 10.1119\/1.4803068"},{"issue":"2","key":"r41","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0020","article-title":"Tactical considerations in the middle-distance running events at the 2012 Olympic Games: A case study","volume":"9","author":"Renfree, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Renfree, A., Mytton, G.J., Skorski, S., & Gibson, A.S.C. (2014). Tactical considerations in the middle-distance running events at the 2012 Olympic Games: A case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 362\u2013364. 10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0020"},{"issue":"2","key":"r42","series-title":"European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2016.006","article-title":"Physical fitness of individuals with intellectual disability who have Special Olympics experience","volume":"9","author":"Rintala, P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rintala, P., Asunta, P., Lahti, J., & Loovis, E.M. (2016). Physical fitness of individuals with intellectual disability who have Special Olympics experience. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 9(2), 13\u201319. 10.5507\/euj.2016.006"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0030-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing","volume":"43","author":"Roelands, B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roelands, B., de Koning, J., Foster, C., Hettinga, F., & Meeusen, R. (2013). Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing. Sports Medicine, 43, 301\u2013311. 10.1007\/s40279-013-0030-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"r44","series-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12606","article-title":"Physical therapy in Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ruiz\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez, L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Lucena\u2010Ant\u00f3n, D., Salazar, A., Mart\u00edn\u2010Valero, R., & Moral\u2010Munoz, J.A. (2019). Physical therapy in Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63(8), 1041\u20131067. 10.1111\/jir.12606"},{"key":"r45","series-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101840","article-title":"The impact of cognitive functions and intellectual impairment on pacing and performance in sports","volume":"52","author":"Sakalidis, K.E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakalidis, K.E., Burns, J., Van Biesen, D., Dreegia, W., & Hettinga, F.J. (2021). The impact of cognitive functions and intellectual impairment on pacing and performance in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101840\u2013101848. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101840"},{"key":"r46","series-title":"Journal of Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10179-W","article-title":"Neurologic complications of Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"268","author":"Santoro, J.D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoro, J.D., Pagarkar, D., Chu, D.T., Rosso, M., Paulsen, K.C., Levitt, P., & Rafii, M.S. (2021). Neurologic complications of Down syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, 268, 4495\u20134509. 10.1007\/s00415-020-10179-W"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"Current Paediatrics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cupe.2003.09.005","article-title":"Cardiac problems in Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Seale, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seale, A., & Shinebourne, E.A. (2004). Cardiac problems in Down syndrome. Current Paediatrics, 14(1), 33\u201338. 10.1016\/j.cupe.2003.09.005"},{"key":"r48","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0163-0","article-title":"Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: The roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity","volume":"44","author":"Smits, B.L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smits, B.L., Pepping, G.J., & Hettinga, F.J. (2014). Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: The roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Medicine, 44, 763\u2013775. 10.1007\/s40279-014-0163-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r49","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090337","article-title":"Perceptual cues in the regulation of exercise performance\u2013physical sensations of exercise and awareness of effort interact as separate cues","volume":"46","author":"Swart, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swart, J., Lindsay, T.R., Lambert, M.I., Brown, J.C., & Noakes, T.D. (2012). Perceptual cues in the regulation of exercise performance\u2013physical sensations of exercise and awareness of effort interact as separate cues. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(1), 42\u201348. 10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090337"},{"key":"r50","series-title":"Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.12.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Down syndrome: From pathology to therapy","volume":"511","author":"Tan, K.L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, K.L., Lee, H.C., Cheah, P.S., & Ling, K.H. (2023). Mitochondrial dysfunction in Down syndrome: From pathology to therapy. Neuroscience, 511, 1\u201312. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.12.003"},{"issue":"11","key":"r51","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.701759","article-title":"Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy","volume":"30","author":"Thiel, C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiel, C., Foster, C., Banzer, W., & De Koning, J. (2012). Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(11), 1107\u20131115. 10.1080\/02640414.2012.701759"},{"key":"r52","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1519\/R-12832.1","article-title":"Effect of training on the muscle strength and dynamic balance ability of adults with Down Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Tsimaras B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsimaras B., & Fotiadou E.G. (2004). Effect of training on the muscle strength and dynamic balance ability of adults with Down Syndrome. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 343\u2013347. 10.1519\/R-12832.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"r53","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050799","article-title":"The anticipatory regulation of performance: The physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance","volume":"43","author":"Tucker, R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tucker, R. (2009). The anticipatory regulation of performance: The physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 392\u2013400. 10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050799"},{"issue":"3","key":"r54","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.1.3.233","article-title":"An analysis of pacing strategies during men\u2019s world-record performances in track athletics","volume":"1","author":"Tucker, R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tucker, R., Lambert, M.I., & Noakes, T.D. (2006). An analysis of pacing strategies during men\u2019s world-record performances in track athletics. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(3), 233\u2013245. 10.1123\/ijspp.1.3.233"},{"issue":"1","key":"r55","series-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2022-0204","article-title":"Sports classification and athletes with intellectual disabilities: Measuring health status using a questionnaire based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health","volume":"41","author":"Tussis, L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tussis, L., Lemmey, S., & Burns, J. (2023). Sports classification and athletes with intellectual disabilities: Measuring health status using a questionnaire based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 41(1), 51\u201366. 10.1123\/apaq.2022-0204"},{"issue":"1","key":"r56","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881280","article-title":"Conceptual model of sport-specific classification for para-athletes with intellectual impairment","volume":"39","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Burns, J., Mactavish, J., Van de Vliet, P., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2021). Conceptual model of sport-specific classification for para-athletes with intellectual impairment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 19\u201329. 10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881280"},{"key":"r57","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00624","article-title":"Pacing profiles in competitive track races: Regulation of exercise intensity is related to cognitive ability","volume":"7","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Hettinga, F.J., McCulloch, K., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2016). Pacing profiles in competitive track races: Regulation of exercise intensity is related to cognitive ability. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 624\u2013635. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00624"},{"issue":"3","key":"r58","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001115","article-title":"Pacing ability in elite runners with intellectual impairment","volume":"49","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Hettinga, F.J., McCulloch, K., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2017). Pacing ability in elite runners with intellectual impairment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(3), 588\u2013594. 10.1249\/mss.0000000000001115"},{"article-title":"Version 12","year":"2023","key":"r59","unstructured":"Virtus Athlete Eligibility. (2023). Version 12. https:\/\/www.virtus.sport\/applying-for-athlete-eligibility"},{"issue":"5","key":"r60","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab032","article-title":"Promoting participation in physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Wentz, E.E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wentz, E.E., Looper, J., Menear, K.S., Rohadia, D., & Shields, N. (2021). Promoting participation in physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Physical Therapy, 101(5), 32\u201339. 10.1093\/ptj\/pzab032"},{"key":"r61","series-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.10.001","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1\u00a0km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol","volume":"34","author":"Whitehead, A.E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whitehead, A.E., Jones, H.S., Williams, E.L., Rowley, C., Quayle, L., Marchant, D., & Polman, R.C. (2018). Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1\u00a0km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 95\u2013109. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.10.001"},{"issue":"9","key":"r62","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0517","article-title":"Development of 1500-m pacing behavior in junior speed skaters: A longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Wiersma, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiersma, R., Stoter, I.K., Visscher, C., Hettinga, F.J.and Elferink-Gemser, M.T. (2017). Development of 1500-m pacing behavior in junior speed skaters: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(9), 1224\u20131231. 10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0517"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63","series-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1983.9924462","article-title":"Social facilitation of running: An unobtrusive study","volume":"121","author":"Worringham, C.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Worringham, C.J., & Messick, D.M. (1983). Social facilitation of running: An unobtrusive study. The Journal of Social Psychology, 121(1), 23\u201329. 10.1080\/00224545.1983.9924462"},{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Saudi Medical Journal,","first-page":"219","article-title":"Congenital heart diseases and other major anomalies in patients with Down syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Abbag, F.I.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbag, F.I. (2006). Congenital heart diseases and other major anomalies in patients with Down syndrome. Saudi Medical Journal, 27(2), 219\u2013222."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00004","article-title":"Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition","volume":"38","author":"Abbiss, C.R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbiss, C.R., & Laursen, P.B. (2008). Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. Sports Medicine, 38, 239\u2013252. 10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00004"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31817f19a1","article-title":"Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: A 20-yr review","volume":"40","author":"Baynard, T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baynard, T., Pitetti, K.H., Guerra, M., Unnithan, V.B., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: A 20-yr review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 1984\u20131989. 10.1249\/mss.0b013e31817f19a1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r4","series-title":"Pediatrics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0123","article-title":"Trends in congenital heart defects in infants with Down syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m, S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, S., Carr, H., Petersson, G., Stephansson, O., Bonamy, A.E., Dahlstr\u00f6m, A., Halvorsen, C.P., & Johansson, S. (2016). Trends in congenital heart defects in infants with Down syndrome, Pediatrics, 138(1), Article 123. 10.1542\/peds.2016-0123"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Functional fitness for adults living with Down syndrome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/aosis.2021.BK252","author":"Boer, P.H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boer, P.H. (2022). Functional fitness for adults living with Down syndrome (pp.\u00a01\u2013135). AOSIS. 10.4102\/aosis.2021.BK252"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12251","article-title":"Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Boer, P.H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boer, P.H., & Moss, S.J. (2016). Effect of continuous aerobic vs. interval training on selected anthropometrical, physiological and functional parameters of adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60, 322\u2013334. 10.1111\/jir.12251"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38512","article-title":"Co\u2010occurring medical conditions in adults with Down syndrome: A systematic review toward the development of health care guidelines","volume":"176","author":"Capone, G.T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capone, G.T., Chicoine, B., Bulova, P., Stephens, M., Hart, S., Crissman, B., Videlefsky, A., Myers, K., Roizen, N., Esbensen, A., & Peterson, M. (2018). Co\u2010occurring medical conditions in adults with Down syndrome: A systematic review toward the development of health care guidelines. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 176(1), 116\u2013133. 10.1002\/ajmg.a.38512"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","first-page":"316","article-title":"Isokinetic leg strength of institutionalized older adults with mental retardation with and without Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Ayalon, M., Barchad, S., Sheklow, S.L.& Reznick, A.Z. (2002). Isokinetic leg strength of institutionalized older adults with mental retardation with and without Down\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16, 316\u2013320."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interaction,","first-page":"457","article-title":"Muscle power, locomotor performance and flexibility in aging mentally retarded adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Bar-Chad, S., Lenger, R., & Coleman, R. (2002). Muscle power, locomotor performance and flexibility in aging mentally retarded adults with and without Down syndrome. Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interaction, 2, 457\u2013462."},{"issue":"2","key":"r10","series-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.2.M106","article-title":"Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with Down syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Carmeli, E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Kessel, S., Coleman, R., & Ayalon, M. (2002). Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with Down syndrome. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(2), M106\u2013M110. 10.1093\/gerona\/57.2.M106"},{"issue":"23","key":"r11","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312589","article-title":"Pacing profiles of middle-distance running world records in men and women","volume":"18","author":"Casado, A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casado, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rav\u00e9, J.M., & Boullosa, D. (2021). Pacing profiles of middle-distance running world records in men and women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), Article 12589. 10.3390\/ijerph182312589"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Eribaum."},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90086-6","article-title":"Peak torque, average power, and hamstring\/quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation","volume":"77","author":"Croce, R.V.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Croce, R.V., Pitetti, K.H., Horvat, M., & Miller, J. (1996). Peak torque, average power, and hamstring\/quadriceps ratios in nondisabled adults and adults with mental retardation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(4), 369\u2013372. 10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90086-6"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00591","article-title":"Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Davies, M.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davies, M.J., Clark, B., Welvaert, M., Skorski, S., Garvican-Lewis, L.A., Saunders, P., & Thompson, K.G. (2016). Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 591\u2013613. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00591"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015863","article-title":"Regulation of pacing strategy during athletic competition","volume":"6","author":"De Koning, J.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Koning, J.J., Foster, C., Bakkum, A., Kloppenburg, S., Thiel, C., Joseph, T., Cohen, J., & Porcari, J.P. (2011). Regulation of pacing strategy during athletic competition. PLoS One, 6(1), Article 15863. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0015863"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"Performance Enhancement & Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health","volume":"11","author":"Edwards, A.M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edwards, A.M., & Hettinga, F.J. (2023). Virtual reality exercise platforms and the possibility for novel, engaging research in sport, exercise and health. Performance Enhancement & Health, 11(2), Article 100253. 10.1016\/j.peh.2023.100253"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0080","article-title":"Pacing and self-regulation: Important skills for talent development in endurance sports","volume":"12","author":"Elferink-Gemser, M.T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2017). Pacing and self-regulation: Important skills for talent development in endurance sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(6), 831\u2013835. 10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0080"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318292f408","article-title":"Reduced work capacity in individuals with Down syndrome: A consequence of autonomic dysfunction?","volume":"41","author":"Fernhall, B.O.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernhall, B.O., Mendonca, G.V., & Baynard, T. (2013). Reduced work capacity in individuals with Down syndrome: A consequence of autonomic dysfunction? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(3), 138\u2013147. 10.1097\/JES.0b013e318292f408"},{"issue":"2","key":"r19","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192399","article-title":"Pacing behaviour of players in team sports: Influence of match status manipulation and task duration knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Ferraz, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferraz, R., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Coutinho, D., Marinho, D.A., Sampaio, J., & Marques, M.C. (2018). Pacing behaviour of players in team sports: Influence of match status manipulation and task duration knowledge. PLoS One, 13(2), Article 192399. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0192399"},{"issue":"5","key":"r20","series-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315751","article-title":"Musculoskeletal anomalies in children with Down syndrome: An observational study","volume":"104","author":"Foley, C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foley, C., & Killeen O.G. (2019). Musculoskeletal anomalies in children with Down syndrome: An observational study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104(5), 482\u2013487. 10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315751"},{"issue":"3","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0018","article-title":"Classification and intellectual disabilities: An investigation of the factors that predict the performance of athletes with intellectual disability","volume":"12","author":"Gilderthorp, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilderthorp, R., Burns, J., & Jones, F. (2018). Classification and intellectual disabilities: An investigation of the factors that predict the performance of athletes with intellectual disability. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 285\u2013301. 10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0018"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0094-1","article-title":"Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: A review","volume":"43","author":"Jones, H.S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones, H.S., Williams, E.L., Bridge, C.A., Marchant, D., Midgley, A.W., Micklewright, D., & Mc Naughton, L.R. (2013). Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: A review. Sports Medicine, 43, 1243\u20131257. 10.1007\/s40279-013-0094-1"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Physiology & Behavior,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.02.023","article-title":"The behavior of an opponent alters pacing decisions in 4-km cycling time trials","volume":"158","author":"Konings, M.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konings, M.J., Schoenmakers, P.P., Walker, A.J., & Hettinga, F.J. (2016). The behavior of an opponent alters pacing decisions in 4-km cycling time trials. Physiology & Behavior, 158, Article 23. 10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.02.023"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Down Syndrome Research and Practise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reviews.2074","article-title":"What is currently known about hypotonia, motor skill development, and physical activity in Down syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Latash, M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Latash, M., Wood, L., & Ulrich, D. (2008). What is currently known about hypotonia, motor skill development, and physical activity in Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practise, 10, Article 2074. 10.3104\/reviews.2074"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881302","article-title":"Developing additional competition classes for athletes with intellectual impairments: Conceptual approach and efficacy of an ICF derived measure","volume":"39","author":"Lemmey, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemmey, S., Burns, J., & Jones, F. (2021). Developing additional competition classes for athletes with intellectual impairments: Conceptual approach and efficacy of an ICF derived measure. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 99\u2013108. 10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881302"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Open access Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S38599","article-title":"Factors affecting the regulation of pacing: Current perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Mauger, A.R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mauger, A.R. (2014). Factors affecting the regulation of pacing: Current perspectives. Open access Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 209\u2013214. 10.2147\/OAJSM.S38599"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0901-9","article-title":"Pacing in swimming: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"McGibbon, K.E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGibbon, K.E., Pyne, D.B., Shephard, M.E., & Thompson, K.G. (2018). Pacing in swimming: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48, 1621\u20131633. 10.1007\/s40279-018-0901-9"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.015","article-title":"Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Mendonca G.V.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mendonca G.V., Pereira, F.D., & Fernhall B. (2011). Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92, 37\u201345. 10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.023","article-title":"Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Mendonca, G.V.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., & Fernhall, B. (2013). Heart rate recovery and variability following combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 353\u2013361. 10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.023"},{"issue":"1","key":"r30","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241211","article-title":"Walking economy of adults with Down syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Mendonca, G.V.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mendonca, G.V., Pereira, F.D., Morato, P.P., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Walking economy of adults with Down syndrome. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(1), 10\u201315. 10.1055\/s-0029-1241211"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Sports Medicine-Open,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00540-w","article-title":"Pacing behaviour development and acquisition: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Edwards, A.M., Hettinga, F.J., & Elferink-Gemser, M.T. (2022). Pacing behaviour development and acquisition: A systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8, 143\u2013160. 10.1186\/s40798-022-00540-w"},{"issue":"20","key":"r32","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1627989","article-title":"Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming","volume":"37","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., Huijgen, B.C., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(20), 2287\u20132299. 10.1080\/02640414.2019.1627989"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00014","article-title":"Optimal development of youth athletes toward elite athletic performance: How to coach their motivation, plan exercise training, and pace the race","volume":"1","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Hendry, D.T., Schiphof-Godart, L., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Optimal development of youth athletes toward elite athletic performance: How to coach their motivation, plan exercise training, and pace the race. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, Article 14. 10.3389\/fspor.2019.00014"},{"issue":"2","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0285","article-title":"Pacing behavior of elite youth athletes: Analyzing 1500-m short-track speed skating","volume":"14","author":"Menting, S.G.P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menting, S.G.P., Konings, M.J., Elferink-Gemser, M.T., & Hettinga, F.J. (2019). Pacing behavior of elite youth athletes: Analyzing 1500-m short-track speed skating. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 222\u2013231. 10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0285"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Endurance performance in sport","first-page":"47","article-title":"Decision-making, pacing, and performance in endurance sport","author":"Micklewright, D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Micklewright, D. (2019). Decision-making, pacing, and performance in endurance sport. In C. Meijen (Ed.), Endurance performance in sport (pp.\u00a047\u201369). Routledge."},{"issue":"5","key":"r36","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000839","article-title":"Performance and pacing during cycle exercise in hyperthermic and hypoxic conditions","volume":"48","author":"Periard, J.D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Periard, J.D., & Racinais, S. (2016). Performance and pacing during cycle exercise in hyperthermic and hypoxic conditions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), 845\u2013853. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000839"},{"issue":"9","key":"r37","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.5555\/uri:pii:000399939290157R","article-title":"Isokinetic arm and leg strength of adults with Down syndrome: A comparative study","volume":"73","author":"Pitetti, K.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pitetti, K.H., Climstein, M., Mays, M.J., & Barrett, P.J. (1992). Isokinetic arm and leg strength of adults with Down syndrome: A comparative study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(9), 847\u2013850. 10.5555\/uri:pii:000399939290157R"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"Strength & Conditioning Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000505","article-title":"Keeping pace: A practitioner-focused review of pacing strategies in running","volume":"42","author":"Pryor, J.L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pryor, J.L., Johnson, E.C., Yoder, H.A., & Looney, D.P. (2020). Keeping pace: A practitioner-focused review of pacing strategies in running. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(1), 67\u201375. 10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000505"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"International review of research in developmental disabilities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2019.06.002","article-title":"Cognitive profiles in individuals with Down syndrome","author":"Pulina, F.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pulina, F., Vianello, R., & Lanfranchi, S. (2019). Cognitive profiles in individuals with Down syndrome. In S. Lanfranchi (Ed.), International review of research in developmental disabilities (Vol. 56, pp.\u00a067\u201392). Elsevier. 10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2019.06.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40","series-title":"American Journal of Physics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4803068","article-title":"Optimal pacing for running 400-and 800-m track races","volume":"81","author":"Reardon, J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reardon, J. (2013). Optimal pacing for running 400-and 800-m track races. American Journal of Physics, 81(6), 428\u2013435. 10.1119\/1.4803068"},{"issue":"2","key":"r41","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0020","article-title":"Tactical considerations in the middle-distance running events at the 2012 Olympic Games: A case study","volume":"9","author":"Renfree, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Renfree, A., Mytton, G.J., Skorski, S., & Gibson, A.S.C. (2014). Tactical considerations in the middle-distance running events at the 2012 Olympic Games: A case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 362\u2013364. 10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0020"},{"issue":"2","key":"r42","series-title":"European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2016.006","article-title":"Physical fitness of individuals with intellectual disability who have Special Olympics experience","volume":"9","author":"Rintala, P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rintala, P., Asunta, P., Lahti, J., & Loovis, E.M. (2016). Physical fitness of individuals with intellectual disability who have Special Olympics experience. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 9(2), 13\u201319. 10.5507\/euj.2016.006"},{"key":"r43","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0030-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing","volume":"43","author":"Roelands, B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roelands, B., de Koning, J., Foster, C., Hettinga, F., & Meeusen, R. (2013). Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing. Sports Medicine, 43, 301\u2013311. 10.1007\/s40279-013-0030-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"r44","series-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12606","article-title":"Physical therapy in Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ruiz\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez, L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Lucena\u2010Ant\u00f3n, D., Salazar, A., Mart\u00edn\u2010Valero, R., & Moral\u2010Munoz, J.A. (2019). Physical therapy in Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63(8), 1041\u20131067. 10.1111\/jir.12606"},{"key":"r45","series-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101840","article-title":"The impact of cognitive functions and intellectual impairment on pacing and performance in sports","volume":"52","author":"Sakalidis, K.E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakalidis, K.E., Burns, J., Van Biesen, D., Dreegia, W., & Hettinga, F.J. (2021). The impact of cognitive functions and intellectual impairment on pacing and performance in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101840\u2013101848. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101840"},{"key":"r46","series-title":"Journal of Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10179-W","article-title":"Neurologic complications of Down syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"268","author":"Santoro, J.D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santoro, J.D., Pagarkar, D., Chu, D.T., Rosso, M., Paulsen, K.C., Levitt, P., & Rafii, M.S. (2021). Neurologic complications of Down syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, 268, 4495\u20134509. 10.1007\/s00415-020-10179-W"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"Current Paediatrics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cupe.2003.09.005","article-title":"Cardiac problems in Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Seale, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seale, A., & Shinebourne, E.A. (2004). Cardiac problems in Down syndrome. Current Paediatrics, 14(1), 33\u201338. 10.1016\/j.cupe.2003.09.005"},{"key":"r48","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0163-0","article-title":"Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: The roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity","volume":"44","author":"Smits, B.L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smits, B.L., Pepping, G.J., & Hettinga, F.J. (2014). Pacing and decision making in sport and exercise: The roles of perception and action in the regulation of exercise intensity. Sports Medicine, 44, 763\u2013775. 10.1007\/s40279-014-0163-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r49","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090337","article-title":"Perceptual cues in the regulation of exercise performance\u2013physical sensations of exercise and awareness of effort interact as separate cues","volume":"46","author":"Swart, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swart, J., Lindsay, T.R., Lambert, M.I., Brown, J.C., & Noakes, T.D. (2012). Perceptual cues in the regulation of exercise performance\u2013physical sensations of exercise and awareness of effort interact as separate cues. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(1), 42\u201348. 10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090337"},{"key":"r50","series-title":"Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.12.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Down syndrome: From pathology to therapy","volume":"511","author":"Tan, K.L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, K.L., Lee, H.C., Cheah, P.S., & Ling, K.H. (2023). Mitochondrial dysfunction in Down syndrome: From pathology to therapy. Neuroscience, 511, 1\u201312. 10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.12.003"},{"issue":"11","key":"r51","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.701759","article-title":"Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy","volume":"30","author":"Thiel, C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiel, C., Foster, C., Banzer, W., & De Koning, J. (2012). Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(11), 1107\u20131115. 10.1080\/02640414.2012.701759"},{"key":"r52","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1519\/R-12832.1","article-title":"Effect of training on the muscle strength and dynamic balance ability of adults with Down Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Tsimaras B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsimaras B., & Fotiadou E.G. (2004). Effect of training on the muscle strength and dynamic balance ability of adults with Down Syndrome. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 343\u2013347. 10.1519\/R-12832.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"r53","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050799","article-title":"The anticipatory regulation of performance: The physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance","volume":"43","author":"Tucker, R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tucker, R. (2009). The anticipatory regulation of performance: The physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 392\u2013400. 10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050799"},{"issue":"3","key":"r54","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.1.3.233","article-title":"An analysis of pacing strategies during men\u2019s world-record performances in track athletics","volume":"1","author":"Tucker, R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tucker, R., Lambert, M.I., & Noakes, T.D. (2006). An analysis of pacing strategies during men\u2019s world-record performances in track athletics. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(3), 233\u2013245. 10.1123\/ijspp.1.3.233"},{"issue":"1","key":"r55","series-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2022-0204","article-title":"Sports classification and athletes with intellectual disabilities: Measuring health status using a questionnaire based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health","volume":"41","author":"Tussis, L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tussis, L., Lemmey, S., & Burns, J. (2023). Sports classification and athletes with intellectual disabilities: Measuring health status using a questionnaire based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 41(1), 51\u201366. 10.1123\/apaq.2022-0204"},{"issue":"1","key":"r56","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881280","article-title":"Conceptual model of sport-specific classification for para-athletes with intellectual impairment","volume":"39","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Burns, J., Mactavish, J., Van de Vliet, P., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2021). Conceptual model of sport-specific classification for para-athletes with intellectual impairment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 19\u201329. 10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881280"},{"key":"r57","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00624","article-title":"Pacing profiles in competitive track races: Regulation of exercise intensity is related to cognitive ability","volume":"7","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Hettinga, F.J., McCulloch, K., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2016). Pacing profiles in competitive track races: Regulation of exercise intensity is related to cognitive ability. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 624\u2013635. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00624"},{"issue":"3","key":"r58","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001115","article-title":"Pacing ability in elite runners with intellectual impairment","volume":"49","author":"Van Biesen, D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Biesen, D., Hettinga, F.J., McCulloch, K., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2017). Pacing ability in elite runners with intellectual impairment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(3), 588\u2013594. 10.1249\/mss.0000000000001115"},{"article-title":"Version 12","year":"2023","key":"r59","unstructured":"Virtus Athlete Eligibility. (2023). Version 12. https:\/\/www.virtus.sport\/applying-for-athlete-eligibility"},{"issue":"5","key":"r60","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab032","article-title":"Promoting participation in physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Wentz, E.E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wentz, E.E., Looper, J., Menear, K.S., Rohadia, D., & Shields, N. (2021). Promoting participation in physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Physical Therapy, 101(5), 32\u201339. 10.1093\/ptj\/pzab032"},{"key":"r61","series-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.10.001","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1\u00a0km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol","volume":"34","author":"Whitehead, A.E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whitehead, A.E., Jones, H.S., Williams, E.L., Rowley, C., Quayle, L., Marchant, D., & Polman, R.C. (2018). Investigating the relationship between cognitions, pacing strategies and performance in 16.1\u00a0km cycling time trials using a think aloud protocol. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 95\u2013109. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.10.001"},{"issue":"9","key":"r62","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0517","article-title":"Development of 1500-m pacing behavior in junior speed skaters: A longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Wiersma, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiersma, R., Stoter, I.K., Visscher, C., Hettinga, F.J.and Elferink-Gemser, M.T. (2017). Development of 1500-m pacing behavior in junior speed skaters: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(9), 1224\u20131231. 10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0517"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63","series-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1983.9924462","article-title":"Social facilitation of running: An unobtrusive study","volume":"121","author":"Worringham, C.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Worringham, C.J., & Messick, D.M. (1983). Social facilitation of running: An unobtrusive study. The Journal of Social Psychology, 121(1), 23\u201329. 10.1080\/00224545.1983.9924462"}],"container-title":["Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/42\/4\/article-p481.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apaq\/42\/4\/article-p481.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apaq\/42\/4\/article-p481.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T17:40:50Z","timestamp":1766079650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/42\/4\/article-p481.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/apaq.2024-0181","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5829","1543-2777"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0736-5829"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2777"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}