{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:37Z","timestamp":1790804977379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Frame Running stands out as one of the few sports that allows individuals with neuromuscular challenges and difficulties in controlling movements in the body to participate competitively. This review aims to critically analyze the scientific literature regarding the practice of Frame Running among individuals with cerebral palsy or similar conditions. This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews with the registration code CRD42024523358. It follows PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Ten studies were included: five examine the impact of Functional-Running practice on physical and\/or psychological variables and participants\u2019 quality of life, and five focus on the effects of athletes\u2019 impairments on their Functional-Running performance. Further research is required, particularly in biomechanics, to analyze running motion and understand the relationship between the frame, athlete morphology, and functionality as functional rehabilitation gains recognition in Paralympic sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2025-0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:11:16Z","timestamp":1763136676000},"page":"180-195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frame-Running Practice in People With Cerebral Palsy and Similar Conditions: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2255-2650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlota","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-5487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filomena","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-0932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filipa","family":"Jo\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"r1","series-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2391568","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise interventions in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies","volume":"47","author":"Andreopoulou, G.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andreopoulou, G., Meharry, J.B., Jagadamma, K.C., & van der Linden, M.L. (2024). Physical activity and exercise interventions in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Disability and Rehabilitation, 47(9), 2170\u20132184. 10.1080\/09638288.2024.2391568"},{"issue":"8","key":"r2","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005","volume":"47","author":"Bax, M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bax, M., Goldstein, M., Rosenbaum, P., Leviton, A., Paneth, N., Dan, B., Jacobsson, B., & Damiano, D. (2005). Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(8), 571\u2013576. 10.1017\/S001216220500112X"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.07.014","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors for the ability to run in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy","volume":"58","author":"B\u00f6hm, H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, H., Wanner, P., Rethwilm, R., & D\u00f6derlein, L. (2018). Prevalence and predictors for the ability to run in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical Biomechanics, 58, 103\u2013108. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.07.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Physiotherapy Theory and Practice,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1434846","article-title":"Running in people with cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Chappell, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chappell, A., Gibson, N., Morris, S., Williams, G., & Allison, G.T. (2019). Running in people with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 35(1), 15\u201330. 10.1080\/09593985.2018.1434846"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.008","article-title":"Do dynamic and static clinical measurements correlate with gait analysis parameters in children with cerebral palsy?","volume":"24","author":"Desloovere, K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desloovere, K., Molenaers, G., Feys, H., Huenaerts, C., Callewaert, B., & Van de Walle, P. (2006). Do dynamic and static clinical measurements correlate with gait analysis parameters in children with cerebral palsy? Gait & Posture, 24(3), 302\u2013313. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030030-00005","article-title":"Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled","volume":"30","author":"Durstine, J.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Durstine, J.L., Painter, P., Franklin, B.A., Morgan, D., Pitetti, K.H., & Roberts, S.O. (2000). Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled. Sports Medicine, 30(3), 207\u2013219. 10.2165\/00007256-200030030-00005"},{"issue":"4","key":"r9","series-title":"Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000947","article-title":"Physiological response to the 6-minute frame running test in children and adults with cerebral palsy","volume":"34","author":"Edelman Bos, A.M.M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edelman Bos, A.M.M., Hjalmarsson, E., Dallmeijer, A.J., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Buizer, A.I., Pingel, J., Pont\u00e9n, E., von Walden, F., & van Schie, P.E.M. (2022). Physiological response to the 6-minute frame running test in children and adults with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 34(4), 529\u2013534. 10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000947"},{"issue":"10","key":"r10","series-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03045.x","article-title":"Muscle strength training to improve gait function in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"50","author":"Eek, M.N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eek, M.N., Tranberg, R., Z\u00fcgner, R., Alkema, K., & Beckung, E. (2008). Muscle strength training to improve gait function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50(10), 759\u2013764. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03045.x"},{"key":"r11","article-title":"Frame running awareness and coaching workbook","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frame Running Nederland. (2022). Frame running awareness and coaching workbook. https:\/\/framerunning.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Frame-Running-awareness-and-coaching-workbook.pdf"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Coaches\u2019 manual racerunning","author":"Gaarsted, B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaarsted, B., Nielsen, L., Nielsen, J., Siddiqi, M., Willerslev-Olsen, M., Kromann, P., Knudsen, S., & Ladefoged, S. (2017). Coaches\u2019 manual racerunning. Parasoport Denmark."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Frontiers in Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.692582","article-title":"The contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"12","author":"Hanssen, B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanssen, B., Peeters, N., Vandekerckhove, I., De Beukelaer, N., Bar-On, L., Molenaers, G., Van Campenhout, A., Degelaen, M., Van den Broeck, C., Calders, P., & Desloovere, K. (2021). The contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, Article 692582. 10.3389\/fneur.2021.692582"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Kinesiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.26582\/k.52.2.6","article-title":"The relationship among repeated sprint and change of direction abilities in football players with cerebral palsy","volume":"52","author":"Henriquez, M.J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriquez, M.J., Kokaly, M., Herrera, F., & Reina, R. (2020). The relationship among repeated sprint and change of direction abilities in football players with cerebral palsy. Kinesiology, 52(2), 208\u2013216. 10.26582\/k.52.2.6"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03202-8","article-title":"RaceRunning training improves stamina and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young individuals with cerebral palsy","volume":"21","author":"Hjalmarsson, E.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hjalmarsson, E., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Lidbeck, C., Palmcrantz, A., Jia, A., Kvist, O., Pont\u00e9n, E., & von Walden, F. (2020). RaceRunning training improves stamina and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young individuals with cerebral palsy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1), Article 193. 10.1186\/s12891-020-03202-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002233","article-title":"Determinants of frame running capacity in athletes with cerebral palsy to improve training routines and classification strategies: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"103","author":"Hjalmarsson, E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hjalmarsson, E., Lidbeck, C., Barrero Santiago, L., Pingel, J., Norrbom, J., Sanz, G., Palmcrantz, A., Pont\u00e9n, E., von Walden, F., & Fernandez-Gonzalo, R. (2024). Determinants of frame running capacity in athletes with cerebral palsy to improve training routines and classification strategies: A cross-sectional observational study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 103(1), 79\u201386. 10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002233"},{"key":"r17","article-title":"Running free: The impact of frame running on the psychosocial wellbeing and quality of life of novice and experienced athletes with cerebral palsy","author":"Johnson, H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson, H. (2021). Running free: The impact of frame running on the psychosocial wellbeing and quality of life of novice and experienced athletes with cerebral palsy (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh."},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Technology and Disability,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2002-14305","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS)","volume":"14","author":"Jutai, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jutai, J., & Day, H. (2002). Psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS). Technology and Disability, 14(3), 107\u2013111. 10.3233\/TAD-2002-14305"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/pcssr-2021-0030","article-title":"Identity reconstruction among people with physical disabilities practising race running","volume":"93","author":"Kossakowski, R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kossakowski, R., Witecka-Wiese, M., & Ma\u0144kowski, D.\u2009(2021). Identity reconstruction among people with physical disabilities practising race running. Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research, 93(1), 49\u201361. 10.2478\/pcssr-2021-0030"},{"issue":"12","key":"r20","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","article-title":"Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis","volume":"64","author":"McIntyre, S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"McIntyre, S., Goldsmith, S., Webb, A., Ehlinger, V., Hollung, S.J., McConnell, K., Arnaud, C., Smithers-Sheedy, H., Oskoui, M., Khandaker, G., Himmelmann, K., & Global CP Prevalence Group*. (2022). Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 64(12), 1494\u20131506. 10.1111\/dmcn.15346"},{"issue":"12","key":"r21","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150401","article-title":"Effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed in children with cerebral palsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Moreau, N.G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreau, N.G., Bodkin, A.W., Bjornson, K., Hobbs, A., Soileau, M., & Lahasky, K. (2016). Effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed in children with cerebral palsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy, 96(12), 1938\u20131954. 10.2522\/ptj.20150401"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090377","article-title":"Muscle architecture predicts maximum strength and is related to activity levels in cerebral palsy","volume":"90","author":"Moreau, N.G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreau, N.G., Simpson, K.N., Teefey, S.A., & Damiano, D.L. (2010). Muscle architecture predicts maximum strength and is related to activity levels in cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(11), 1619\u20131630. 10.2522\/ptj.20090377"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"BMC Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-65","article-title":"Development of lower limb range of motion from early childhood to adolescence in cerebral palsy: A population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Nordmark, E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nordmark, E., H\u00e4gglund, G., Lauge-Pedersen, H., Wagner, P., & Westbom, L. (2009). Development of lower limb range of motion from early childhood to adolescence in cerebral palsy: A population-based study. BMC Medicine, 7(1), Article 65. 10.1186\/1741-7015-7-65"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2010.001","article-title":"Kinesiologic and metabolic responses of persons with cerebral palsy to sustained exercise on a petra race runner","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Donnell, R.","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, R., Verellen, J., Van de Vliet, P., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2010). Kinesiologic and metabolic responses of persons with cerebral palsy to sustained exercise on a petra race runner. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(1), 7\u201317. 10.5507\/euj.2010.001"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"BMJ,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page, M.J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L.A., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105817","article-title":"Running capacity in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: What are the biomechanical and neuromotor differences between runners and walkers?","volume":"100","author":"Pouliot-Laforte, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pouliot-Laforte, A., Tabard-Foug\u00e8re, A., Bonnefoy-Mazure, A., De Coulon, G., & Armand, S. (2022). Running capacity in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: What are the biomechanical and neuromotor differences between runners and walkers? Clinical Biomechanics, 100, Article 105817. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105817"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104601","article-title":"Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on \u201cacute respiratory illness in the athlete.\u201d","volume":"56","author":"Price, O.J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Price, O.J., Sewry, N., Schwellnus, M., Backer, V., Reier-Nilsen, T., Bougault, V., Pedersen, L., Chenuel, B., Larsson, K., & Hull, J.H. (2022). Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on \u201cacute respiratory illness in the athlete.\u201d British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(4), 213\u2013222. 10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104601"},{"issue":"7","key":"r29","series-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.935492","article-title":"Does muscle size matter? The relationship between muscle size and strength in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"37","author":"Reid, S.L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reid, S.L., Pitcher, C.A., Williams, S.A., Licari, M.K., Valentine, J.P., Shipman, P.J., & Elliott, C.M. (2015). Does muscle size matter? The relationship between muscle size and strength in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(7), 579\u2013584. 10.3109\/09638288.2014.935492"},{"key":"r30","series-title":"European Journal of Human Movement,","first-page":"161","article-title":"Evidence-based classification in Paralympic sport: Application to football-7-a-side","volume":"32","author":"Reina, R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reina, R. (2014). Evidence-based classification in Paralympic sport: Application to football-7-a-side. European Journal of Human Movement, 32, 161\u2013185."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x","article-title":"The definition and classification of cerebral palsy","volume":"49","author":"Rosenbaum, P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., & Bax, M. (2007). The definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49, 8\u201314. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x"},{"key":"r32","article-title":"Papalani, tricycle for sport and rehabilitation development of people with cerebral palsy","author":"Salas-Dom\u00ednguez, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas-Dom\u00ednguez, M. (2017). Papalani, tricycle for sport and rehabilitation development of people with cerebral palsy. RESNA Annual Conference 2017. https:\/\/www.resna.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference\/2017\/wheeled_mobility\/SalasDominguez.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"r33","series-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2018-0155","article-title":"Locomotor adaptations during racerunning in people with neurological motor disorders","volume":"36","author":"Shafizadeh, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shafizadeh, M., Theis, N., & Davids, K. (2019). Locomotor adaptations during racerunning in people with neurological motor disorders. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 36(3), 325\u2013338. 10.1123\/apaq.2018-0155"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.830492","article-title":"Use of frame running for adolescent athletes with movement challenges: Study of feasibility to support health and participation","volume":"4","author":"Sukal-Moulton, T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sukal-Moulton, T., Egan, T., Johnson, L., Lein, C., & Gaebler-Spira, D. (2022). Use of frame running for adolescent athletes with movement challenges: Study of feasibility to support health and participation. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, Article 830492. 10.3389\/fspor.2022.830492"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"PM&R,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013","article-title":"Paralympic classification: Conceptual basis, current methods, and research update","volume":"6","author":"Tweedy, S.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tweedy, S.M., Beckman, E.M., & Connick, M.J. (2014). Paralympic classification: Conceptual basis, current methods, and research update. PM&R, 6, S11\u2013S17. 10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060","article-title":"International paralympic committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport","volume":"45","author":"Tweedy, S.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tweedy, S.M., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2011). International paralympic committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 259\u2013269. 10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060"},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1860360","article-title":"Cluster analysis of impairment measures to inform an evidence-based classification structure in RaceRunning, a new World Para Athletics event for athletes with hypertonia, ataxia or athetosis","volume":"39","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Corrigan, O., Tennant, N., & Verheul, M. (2020). Cluster analysis of impairment measures to inform an evidence-based classification structure in RaceRunning, a new World Para Athletics event for athletes with hypertonia, ataxia or athetosis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39, 159\u2013166. 10.1080\/02640414.2020.1860360"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.004","article-title":"The influence of lower limb impairments on RaceRunning performance in athletes with hypertonia, ataxia, or athetosis","volume":"61","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Jahed, S., Tennant, N., & Verheul, M. (2018). The influence of lower limb impairments on RaceRunning performance in athletes with hypertonia, ataxia, or athetosis. Gait & Posture, 61, 362\u2013367. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.004"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v53.1393","article-title":"Athlete-perceived impact of frame running on physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes","volume":"54","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Van Schie, P., Hjalmarsson, E., Andreopoulou, G., Verheul, M., & Von Walden, F. (2022). Athlete-perceived impact of frame running on physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 54, Article jrm00273. 10.2340\/jrm.v53.1393"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.839285","article-title":"The impact of frame running on quality of life in young athletes with mobility limitations","volume":"4","author":"van Schie, P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Schie, P., van Eck, M., Bonouvri\u00e9, L.A., Edelman Bos, A., & Buizer, A.I. (2022). The impact of frame running on quality of life in young athletes with mobility limitations. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, Article 839285. 10.3389\/fspor.2022.839285"},{"issue":"6","key":"r41","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220600096X","article-title":"The PedsQL in pediatric cerebral palsy: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the generic core scales and cerebral palsy module","volume":"48","author":"Varni, J.W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varni, J.W., Burwinkle, T.M., Berrin, S.J., Sherman, S.A., Artavia, K., Malcarne, V.L., & Chambers, H.G. (2006). The PedsQL in pediatric cerebral palsy: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the generic core scales and cerebral palsy module. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(6), 442\u2013449. 10.1017\/S001216220600096X"},{"issue":"8","key":"r42","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13053","article-title":"Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy","volume":"58","author":"Verschuren, O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verschuren, O., Peterson, M.D., Balemans, A.C., & Hurvitz, E.A. (2016). Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(8), 798\u2013808. 10.1111\/dmcn.13053"},{"issue":"12","key":"r43","series-title":"Social Science & Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00009-4","article-title":"The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties","volume":"46","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (1998). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 46(12), 1569\u20131585. 10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00009-4"},{"key":"r44","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Para Athletics, Rules and Regulations. (2022, June). https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-03\/World%20Para%20Athletics%20Rules%20and%20Regulations_March%202024_0.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11346888","article-title":"Reshaping of self: A pendular reconstruction of self and identity among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Yoshida, K.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yoshida, K.K. (1993). Reshaping of self: A pendular reconstruction of self and identity among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury. Sociology of Health & Illness, 15(2), 217\u2013245. 10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11346888"},{"issue":"9","key":"r1","series-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2391568","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise interventions in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies","volume":"47","author":"Andreopoulou, G.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andreopoulou, G., Meharry, J.B., Jagadamma, K.C., & van der Linden, M.L. (2024). Physical activity and exercise interventions in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Disability and Rehabilitation, 47(9), 2170\u20132184. 10.1080\/09638288.2024.2391568"},{"issue":"8","key":"r2","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005","volume":"47","author":"Bax, M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bax, M., Goldstein, M., Rosenbaum, P., Leviton, A., Paneth, N., Dan, B., Jacobsson, B., & Damiano, D. (2005). Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(8), 571\u2013576. 10.1017\/S001216220500112X"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.07.014","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors for the ability to run in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy","volume":"58","author":"B\u00f6hm, H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, H., Wanner, P., Rethwilm, R., & D\u00f6derlein, L. (2018). Prevalence and predictors for the ability to run in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical Biomechanics, 58, 103\u2013108. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.07.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Physiotherapy Theory and Practice,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1434846","article-title":"Running in people with cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Chappell, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chappell, A., Gibson, N., Morris, S., Williams, G., & Allison, G.T. (2019). Running in people with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 35(1), 15\u201330. 10.1080\/09593985.2018.1434846"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.008","article-title":"Do dynamic and static clinical measurements correlate with gait analysis parameters in children with cerebral palsy?","volume":"24","author":"Desloovere, K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desloovere, K., Molenaers, G., Feys, H., Huenaerts, C., Callewaert, B., & Van de Walle, P. (2006). Do dynamic and static clinical measurements correlate with gait analysis parameters in children with cerebral palsy? Gait & Posture, 24(3), 302\u2013313. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030030-00005","article-title":"Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled","volume":"30","author":"Durstine, J.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Durstine, J.L., Painter, P., Franklin, B.A., Morgan, D., Pitetti, K.H., & Roberts, S.O. (2000). Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled. Sports Medicine, 30(3), 207\u2013219. 10.2165\/00007256-200030030-00005"},{"issue":"4","key":"r9","series-title":"Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000947","article-title":"Physiological response to the 6-minute frame running test in children and adults with cerebral palsy","volume":"34","author":"Edelman Bos, A.M.M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edelman Bos, A.M.M., Hjalmarsson, E., Dallmeijer, A.J., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Buizer, A.I., Pingel, J., Pont\u00e9n, E., von Walden, F., & van Schie, P.E.M. (2022). Physiological response to the 6-minute frame running test in children and adults with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy: The Official Publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association, 34(4), 529\u2013534. 10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000947"},{"issue":"10","key":"r10","series-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03045.x","article-title":"Muscle strength training to improve gait function in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"50","author":"Eek, M.N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eek, M.N., Tranberg, R., Z\u00fcgner, R., Alkema, K., & Beckung, E. (2008). Muscle strength training to improve gait function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50(10), 759\u2013764. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03045.x"},{"key":"r11","article-title":"Frame running awareness and coaching workbook","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frame Running Nederland. (2022). Frame running awareness and coaching workbook. https:\/\/framerunning.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Frame-Running-awareness-and-coaching-workbook.pdf"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Coaches\u2019 manual racerunning","author":"Gaarsted, B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaarsted, B., Nielsen, L., Nielsen, J., Siddiqi, M., Willerslev-Olsen, M., Kromann, P., Knudsen, S., & Ladefoged, S. (2017). Coaches\u2019 manual racerunning. Parasoport Denmark."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Frontiers in Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.692582","article-title":"The contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"12","author":"Hanssen, B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanssen, B., Peeters, N., Vandekerckhove, I., De Beukelaer, N., Bar-On, L., Molenaers, G., Van Campenhout, A., Degelaen, M., Van den Broeck, C., Calders, P., & Desloovere, K. (2021). The contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, Article 692582. 10.3389\/fneur.2021.692582"},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","series-title":"Kinesiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.26582\/k.52.2.6","article-title":"The relationship among repeated sprint and change of direction abilities in football players with cerebral palsy","volume":"52","author":"Henriquez, M.J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriquez, M.J., Kokaly, M., Herrera, F., & Reina, R. (2020). The relationship among repeated sprint and change of direction abilities in football players with cerebral palsy. Kinesiology, 52(2), 208\u2013216. 10.26582\/k.52.2.6"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03202-8","article-title":"RaceRunning training improves stamina and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young individuals with cerebral palsy","volume":"21","author":"Hjalmarsson, E.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hjalmarsson, E., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., Lidbeck, C., Palmcrantz, A., Jia, A., Kvist, O., Pont\u00e9n, E., & von Walden, F. (2020). RaceRunning training improves stamina and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young individuals with cerebral palsy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1), Article 193. 10.1186\/s12891-020-03202-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002233","article-title":"Determinants of frame running capacity in athletes with cerebral palsy to improve training routines and classification strategies: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"103","author":"Hjalmarsson, E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hjalmarsson, E., Lidbeck, C., Barrero Santiago, L., Pingel, J., Norrbom, J., Sanz, G., Palmcrantz, A., Pont\u00e9n, E., von Walden, F., & Fernandez-Gonzalo, R. (2024). Determinants of frame running capacity in athletes with cerebral palsy to improve training routines and classification strategies: A cross-sectional observational study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 103(1), 79\u201386. 10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002233"},{"key":"r17","article-title":"Running free: The impact of frame running on the psychosocial wellbeing and quality of life of novice and experienced athletes with cerebral palsy","author":"Johnson, H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson, H. (2021). Running free: The impact of frame running on the psychosocial wellbeing and quality of life of novice and experienced athletes with cerebral palsy (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh."},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Technology and Disability,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2002-14305","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS)","volume":"14","author":"Jutai, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jutai, J., & Day, H. (2002). Psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS). Technology and Disability, 14(3), 107\u2013111. 10.3233\/TAD-2002-14305"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2478\/pcssr-2021-0030","article-title":"Identity reconstruction among people with physical disabilities practising race running","volume":"93","author":"Kossakowski, R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kossakowski, R., Witecka-Wiese, M., & Ma\u0144kowski, D.\u2009(2021). Identity reconstruction among people with physical disabilities practising race running. Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research, 93(1), 49\u201361. 10.2478\/pcssr-2021-0030"},{"issue":"12","key":"r20","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","article-title":"Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis","volume":"64","author":"McIntyre, S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"McIntyre, S., Goldsmith, S., Webb, A., Ehlinger, V., Hollung, S.J., McConnell, K., Arnaud, C., Smithers-Sheedy, H., Oskoui, M., Khandaker, G., Himmelmann, K., & Global CP Prevalence Group*. (2022). Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 64(12), 1494\u20131506. 10.1111\/dmcn.15346"},{"issue":"12","key":"r21","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150401","article-title":"Effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed in children with cerebral palsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Moreau, N.G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moreau, N.G., Bodkin, A.W., Bjornson, K., Hobbs, A., Soileau, M., & Lahasky, K. (2016). Effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed in children with cerebral palsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy, 96(12), 1938\u20131954. 10.2522\/ptj.20150401"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090377","article-title":"Muscle architecture predicts maximum strength and is related to activity levels in cerebral palsy","volume":"90","author":"Moreau, N.G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreau, N.G., Simpson, K.N., Teefey, S.A., & Damiano, D.L. (2010). Muscle architecture predicts maximum strength and is related to activity levels in cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 90(11), 1619\u20131630. 10.2522\/ptj.20090377"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"BMC Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-65","article-title":"Development of lower limb range of motion from early childhood to adolescence in cerebral palsy: A population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Nordmark, E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nordmark, E., H\u00e4gglund, G., Lauge-Pedersen, H., Wagner, P., & Westbom, L. (2009). Development of lower limb range of motion from early childhood to adolescence in cerebral palsy: A population-based study. BMC Medicine, 7(1), Article 65. 10.1186\/1741-7015-7-65"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5507\/euj.2010.001","article-title":"Kinesiologic and metabolic responses of persons with cerebral palsy to sustained exercise on a petra race runner","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Donnell, R.","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, R., Verellen, J., Van de Vliet, P., & Vanlandewijck, Y. (2010). Kinesiologic and metabolic responses of persons with cerebral palsy to sustained exercise on a petra race runner. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(1), 7\u201317. 10.5507\/euj.2010.001"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"BMJ,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page, M.J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L.A., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105817","article-title":"Running capacity in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: What are the biomechanical and neuromotor differences between runners and walkers?","volume":"100","author":"Pouliot-Laforte, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pouliot-Laforte, A., Tabard-Foug\u00e8re, A., Bonnefoy-Mazure, A., De Coulon, G., & Armand, S. (2022). Running capacity in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: What are the biomechanical and neuromotor differences between runners and walkers? Clinical Biomechanics, 100, Article 105817. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105817"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104601","article-title":"Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on \u201cacute respiratory illness in the athlete.\u201d","volume":"56","author":"Price, O.J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Price, O.J., Sewry, N., Schwellnus, M., Backer, V., Reier-Nilsen, T., Bougault, V., Pedersen, L., Chenuel, B., Larsson, K., & Hull, J.H. (2022). Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on \u201cacute respiratory illness in the athlete.\u201d British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(4), 213\u2013222. 10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104601"},{"issue":"7","key":"r29","series-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.935492","article-title":"Does muscle size matter? The relationship between muscle size and strength in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"37","author":"Reid, S.L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reid, S.L., Pitcher, C.A., Williams, S.A., Licari, M.K., Valentine, J.P., Shipman, P.J., & Elliott, C.M. (2015). Does muscle size matter? The relationship between muscle size and strength in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(7), 579\u2013584. 10.3109\/09638288.2014.935492"},{"key":"r30","series-title":"European Journal of Human Movement,","first-page":"161","article-title":"Evidence-based classification in Paralympic sport: Application to football-7-a-side","volume":"32","author":"Reina, R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reina, R. (2014). Evidence-based classification in Paralympic sport: Application to football-7-a-side. European Journal of Human Movement, 32, 161\u2013185."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x","article-title":"The definition and classification of cerebral palsy","volume":"49","author":"Rosenbaum, P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., & Bax, M. (2007). The definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49, 8\u201314. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x"},{"key":"r32","article-title":"Papalani, tricycle for sport and rehabilitation development of people with cerebral palsy","author":"Salas-Dom\u00ednguez, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas-Dom\u00ednguez, M. (2017). Papalani, tricycle for sport and rehabilitation development of people with cerebral palsy. RESNA Annual Conference 2017. https:\/\/www.resna.org\/sites\/default\/files\/conference\/2017\/wheeled_mobility\/SalasDominguez.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"r33","series-title":"Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2018-0155","article-title":"Locomotor adaptations during racerunning in people with neurological motor disorders","volume":"36","author":"Shafizadeh, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shafizadeh, M., Theis, N., & Davids, K. (2019). Locomotor adaptations during racerunning in people with neurological motor disorders. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 36(3), 325\u2013338. 10.1123\/apaq.2018-0155"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.830492","article-title":"Use of frame running for adolescent athletes with movement challenges: Study of feasibility to support health and participation","volume":"4","author":"Sukal-Moulton, T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sukal-Moulton, T., Egan, T., Johnson, L., Lein, C., & Gaebler-Spira, D. (2022). Use of frame running for adolescent athletes with movement challenges: Study of feasibility to support health and participation. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, Article 830492. 10.3389\/fspor.2022.830492"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"PM&R,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013","article-title":"Paralympic classification: Conceptual basis, current methods, and research update","volume":"6","author":"Tweedy, S.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tweedy, S.M., Beckman, E.M., & Connick, M.J. (2014). Paralympic classification: Conceptual basis, current methods, and research update. PM&R, 6, S11\u2013S17. 10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060","article-title":"International paralympic committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport","volume":"45","author":"Tweedy, S.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tweedy, S.M., & Vanlandewijck, Y.C. (2011). International paralympic committee position stand\u2014background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 259\u2013269. 10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060"},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1860360","article-title":"Cluster analysis of impairment measures to inform an evidence-based classification structure in RaceRunning, a new World Para Athletics event for athletes with hypertonia, ataxia or athetosis","volume":"39","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Corrigan, O., Tennant, N., & Verheul, M. (2020). Cluster analysis of impairment measures to inform an evidence-based classification structure in RaceRunning, a new World Para Athletics event for athletes with hypertonia, ataxia or athetosis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39, 159\u2013166. 10.1080\/02640414.2020.1860360"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.004","article-title":"The influence of lower limb impairments on RaceRunning performance in athletes with hypertonia, ataxia, or athetosis","volume":"61","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Jahed, S., Tennant, N., & Verheul, M. (2018). The influence of lower limb impairments on RaceRunning performance in athletes with hypertonia, ataxia, or athetosis. Gait & Posture, 61, 362\u2013367. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.004"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v53.1393","article-title":"Athlete-perceived impact of frame running on physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes","volume":"54","author":"van der Linden, M.L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"van der Linden, M.L., Van Schie, P., Hjalmarsson, E., Andreopoulou, G., Verheul, M., & Von Walden, F. (2022). Athlete-perceived impact of frame running on physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 54, Article jrm00273. 10.2340\/jrm.v53.1393"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.839285","article-title":"The impact of frame running on quality of life in young athletes with mobility limitations","volume":"4","author":"van Schie, P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Schie, P., van Eck, M., Bonouvri\u00e9, L.A., Edelman Bos, A., & Buizer, A.I. (2022). The impact of frame running on quality of life in young athletes with mobility limitations. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, Article 839285. 10.3389\/fspor.2022.839285"},{"issue":"6","key":"r41","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220600096X","article-title":"The PedsQL in pediatric cerebral palsy: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the generic core scales and cerebral palsy module","volume":"48","author":"Varni, J.W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varni, J.W., Burwinkle, T.M., Berrin, S.J., Sherman, S.A., Artavia, K., Malcarne, V.L., & Chambers, H.G. (2006). The PedsQL in pediatric cerebral palsy: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the generic core scales and cerebral palsy module. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(6), 442\u2013449. 10.1017\/S001216220600096X"},{"issue":"8","key":"r42","series-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13053","article-title":"Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy","volume":"58","author":"Verschuren, O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verschuren, O., Peterson, M.D., Balemans, A.C., & Hurvitz, E.A. (2016). Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(8), 798\u2013808. 10.1111\/dmcn.13053"},{"issue":"12","key":"r43","series-title":"Social Science & Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00009-4","article-title":"The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties","volume":"46","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (1998). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 46(12), 1569\u20131585. 10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00009-4"},{"key":"r44","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Para Athletics, Rules and Regulations. (2022, June). https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-03\/World%20Para%20Athletics%20Rules%20and%20Regulations_March%202024_0.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11346888","article-title":"Reshaping of self: A pendular reconstruction of self and identity among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Yoshida, K.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yoshida, K.K. (1993). Reshaping of self: A pendular reconstruction of self and identity among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury. Sociology of Health & Illness, 15(2), 217\u2013245. 10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11346888"}],"container-title":["Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/43\/2\/article-p180.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apaq\/43\/2\/article-p180.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apaq\/43\/2\/article-p180.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:01:58Z","timestamp":1775836918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/apaq\/43\/2\/article-p180.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/apaq.2025-0017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5829","1543-2777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5829","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}