{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:55:20Z","timestamp":1790139320542,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for nonceliac athletes (NCA) has become increasingly popular despite a paucity of supportive medical or ergogenic evidence. This study aimed to quantify the demographics of NCA and determine associated experiences, perceptions, and sources of information related to GFD. Athletes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 910, female = 528, no gender selected = 5) completed a 17-question online survey. Forty-one percent of NCA respondents, including 18-world and\/or Olympic medalists, follow a GFD 50\u2013100% of the time (GFD &gt; 50): only 13% for treatment of reported medical conditions with 57% self-diagnosing their gluten sensitivity. The GFD &gt; 50 group characteristics included predominantly endurance sport athletes (70.0%) at the recreationally competitive level (32.3%), between 31 and 40 years of age (29.1%). Those who follow a GFD &gt; 50 reported experiencing, abdominal\/gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms alone (16.7%) or in conjunction with two (30.7%) or three (35.7%) additional symptoms (e.g., fatigue) believed to be triggered by gluten. Eighty-four percent of GFD &gt; 50 indicated symptom improvement with gluten-removal. Symptom-based and non-symptom-based self-diagnosed gluten-sensitivity (56.7%) was the primary reason for adopting a GFD. Leading sources of GFD information were online (28.7%), trainer\/coach (26.2%) and other athletes (17.4%). Although 5\u201310% of the general population is estimated to benefit clinically from a GFD a higher prevalence of GFD adherence was found in NCA (41.2%). Prescription of a GFD among many athletes does not result from evidence-based practice suggesting that adoption of a GFD in the majority of cases was not based on medical rationale and may be driven by perception that gluten removal provides health benefits and an ergogenic edge in NCA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T19:17:14Z","timestamp":1401995834000},"page":"37-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Exploring the Popularity, Experiences, and Beliefs Surrounding Gluten-Free Diets in Nonceliac Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dana M.","family":"Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trent","family":"Stellingwerff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia M.","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran D.K.","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Fell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/25\/1\/article-p37.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/25\/1\/article-p37.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/25\/1\/article-p37.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T02:58:02Z","timestamp":1724295482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/25\/1\/article-p37.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-484X","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}}}