{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:08:33Z","timestamp":1782266913083,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The legitimacy of urine specific gravity (USG) as a stand-alone measure to detect hydration status has recently been challenged. As an alternative to <jats:italic>hydration status<\/jats:italic>, the purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic capability of using the traditional USG marker of &gt;1.020 to detect insufficient recovery fluid consumption with consideration for moderate versus high sweat losses (2.00\u20132.99 or &gt;3% body mass, respectively). Adequate recovery fluid intake was operationally defined as \u2265100% beverage fluid intake plus food water from one or two meals and a snack. Runners (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200959) provided 132 samples from five previous investigations in which USG was assessed 10\u201314\u00a0hr after 60\u201390\u00a0min runs in temperate-to-hot environments. Samples were collected after a meal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200958) and after waking (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200974). When sweat losses exceeded 3% body mass (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200960), the relationship between fluid replacement percentage and USG increased from <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.55 to \u2212.70. Correct diagnostic decision improved from 66.6 to 83.3%, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve increased the diagnostic accuracy score from 0.76 to approaching excellent (0.86). Artifacts of significant prerun hyperhydration (eight of 15 samples has USG &lt;1.005) may explain false positive diagnoses, while almost all (84%) cases of false positives were found when sweat losses were &lt;3.0% of body mass. Evidence from this study suggests that euhydrated runners experiencing significant sweat losses who fail to reach adequate recovery fluid intake levels can be identified by USG irrespective of acute meal and fluid intake \u223c12-hr postrun.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T14:24:06Z","timestamp":1526307846000},"page":"32-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Urine Specific Gravity as a Practical Marker for Identifying Suboptimal Fluid Intake of Runners \u223c12-hr Postexercise"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Eric Kyle","family":"O\u2019Neal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha Louise","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle Tennessee State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett Alan","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kentucky Wesleyan College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Pribyslavska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Caitlin","family":"Stevenson-Wilcoxson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harding University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"suppl. 5","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719661","article-title":"Assessing hydration status: The elusive gold standard","volume":"26","author":"Armstrong, L.E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armstrong, L.E. (2007). Assessing hydration status: The elusive gold standard. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(suppl. 5), 575S\u2013584S. PubMed ID: 17921468 doi:10.1080\/07315724.2007.1071966110.1080\/07315724.2007.10719661"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.20.2.145","article-title":"Human hydration indices: Acute and longitudinal reference values","volume":"20","author":"Armstrong, L.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong, L.E., Pumerantz, A.C., Fiala, K.A., Roti, M.W., Kavouras, S.A., Casa, D.J., & Maresh, C.M. (2010). Human hydration indices: Acute and longitudinal reference values. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(2), 145\u2013153. PubMed ID: 20479488 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.20.2.14510.1123\/ijsnem.20.2.145"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-8-7","article-title":"Food and macronutrient intake of elite Ethiopian distance runners","volume":"8","author":"Beis, L.Y.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beis, L.Y., Willkomm, L., Ross, R., Bekele, Z., Wolde, B., Fudge, B., & Pitsiladis, Y.P. (2011). Food and macronutrient intake of elite Ethiopian distance runners. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 8, 7. PubMed ID: 21595961 doi:10.1186\/1550-2783-8-710.1186\/1550-2783-8-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824a55d7","article-title":"Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition","volume":"22","author":"Beis, L.Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beis, L.Y., Wright-Whyte, M., Fudge, B., Noakes, T., & Pitsiladis, Y.P. (2012). Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(3), 254\u2013261. PubMed ID: 22450589 doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824a55d710.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824a55d7"},{"issue":"10","key":"r5","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047944","article-title":"Drinking policies and exercise-associated hyponatraemia: Is anyone still promoting overdrinking?","volume":"42","author":"Beltrami, F.G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beltrami, F.G., Hew-Butler, T., & Noakes, T.D. (2008). Drinking policies and exercise-associated hyponatraemia: Is anyone still promoting overdrinking? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(10), 796\u2013501. PubMed ID: 18400876 doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2008.04794410.1136\/bjsm.2008.047944"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000218134.74238.6a","article-title":"Continuous thermoregulatory responses to mass-participation distance running in heat","volume":"38","author":"Byrne, C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Byrne, C., Lee, J.K., Chew, S.A., Lim, C.L., & Tan, E.Y. (2006). Continuous thermoregulatory responses to mass-participation distance running in heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(5), 803\u2013810. PubMed ID: 16672830 doi:10.1249\/01.mss.0000218134.74238.6a10.1249\/01.mss.0000218134.74238.6a"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","first-page":"212","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes","volume":"35","author":"Casa, D.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Casa, D.J., Armstrong, L.E., Hillman, S.K., Montain, S.J., Reiff, R.V., Rich, B.S., . . . Stone, J.A. (2000). National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(2), 212\u2013224. PubMed ID: 16558633"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Current Sports Medicine Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306194.67241.76","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on hydration and physical activity: Consensus statements","volume":"4","author":"Casa, D.J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Casa, D.J., Clarkson, P.M., & Roberts, W.O. (2005). American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on hydration and physical activity: Consensus statements. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4(3), 115\u2013127. PubMed ID: 15907263 doi:10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306194.67241.7610.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306194.67241.76"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.147","article-title":"Influence of hydration on physiological function and performance during trail running in the heat","volume":"45","author":"Casa, D.J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casa, D.J., Stearns, R.L., Lopez, R.M., Ganio, M.S., McDermott, B.P., Walker Yeargin, S., . . . Maresh, C.M. (2010). Influence of hydration on physiological function and performance during trail running in the heat. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(2), 147\u2013156. PubMed ID: 20210618 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.14710.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.147"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.14.5.532","article-title":"Daily body mass variability and stability in active men undergoing exercise-heat stress","volume":"14","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., Carter, R., 3rd, Montain, S.J., & Sawka, M.N. (2004). Daily body mass variability and stability in active men undergoing exercise-heat stress. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(5), 532\u2013540. PubMed ID: 15673099 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.14.5.53210.1123\/ijsnem.14.5.532"},{"issue":"4","key":"r11","series-title":"Current Sports Medicine Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1249\/00149619-200308000-00006","article-title":"Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance","volume":"2","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., Carter, R., 3rd, & Sawka, M.N. (2003). Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2(4), 202\u2013208. PubMed ID: 12834575 doi:10.1249\/00149619-200308000-0000610.1249\/00149619-200308000-00006"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Comprehensive Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130017","article-title":"Dehydration: Physiology, assessment, and performance effects","volume":"4","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., & Kenefick, R.W. (2014). Dehydration: Physiology, assessment, and performance effects. Comprehensive Physiology, 4(1), 257\u2013285. PubMed ID: 24692140 doi:10.1002\/cphy.c13001710.1002\/cphy.c130017"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.044172","article-title":"Physiologic basis for understanding quantitative dehydration assessment","volume":"97","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., Kenefick, R.W., Charkoudian, N., & Sawka, M.N. (2013). Physiologic basis for understanding quantitative dehydration assessment. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(3), 455\u2013462. PubMed ID: 23343973 doi:10.3945\/ajcn.112.04417210.3945\/ajcn.112.044172"},{"issue":"3","key":"r14","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0138","article-title":"Spot urine concentrations should not be used for hydration assessment: A methodology review","volume":"25","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., Kenefick, R.W., & Zambraski, E.J. (2015). Spot urine concentrations should not be used for hydration assessment: A methodology review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 293\u2013297. PubMed ID: 25386829 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-013810.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0138"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"r15","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737040-00020","article-title":"Fluid replacement and performance during the marathon","volume":"37","author":"Cheuvront, S.N.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheuvront, S.N., Montain, S.J., & Sawka, M.N. (2007). Fluid replacement and performance during the marathon. Sports Medicine, 37(4\u20135), 353\u2013357. PubMed ID: 17465606 doi:10.2165\/00007256-200737040-0002010.2165\/00007256-200737040-00020"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00045","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement","volume":"28","author":"Convertino, V.A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Convertino, V.A., Armstrong, L.E., Coyle, E.F., Mack, G.W., Sawka, M.N., Senay, L.C., Jr., & Sherman, W.M. (1996). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(1), i\u2013vii. PubMed ID: 9303999 doi:10.1097\/00005768-199610000-0004510.1097\/00005768-199610000-00045"},{"issue":"5, suppl. 1","key":"r17","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000485501.14665.13","article-title":"Ad libitum fluid replacement threshold evidenced in runners at 12-h post-run in hot environment","volume":"48","author":"Davis, B.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis, B.A., O\u2019Neal, E.K., Johnson, S.L., & Farley, R.S. (2016). Ad libitum fluid replacement threshold evidenced in runners at 12-h post-run in hot environment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5, suppl. 1), 166. PubMed ID: 27584252 doi:10.1249\/01.mss.0000485501.14665.1310.1249\/01.mss.0000485501.14665.13"},{"issue":"7","key":"r18","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.894578","article-title":"Hydration kinetics and 10-km outdoor running performance following 75% versus 150% between bout fluid replacement","volume":"14","author":"Davis, B.A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis, B.A., Thigpen, L.K., Hornsby, J.H., Green, J.M., Coates, T.E., & O\u2019Neal, E.K. (2014). Hydration kinetics and 10-km outdoor running performance following 75% versus 150% between bout fluid replacement. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(7), 703\u2013710. PubMed ID: 24697790 doi:10.1080\/17461391.2014.89457810.1080\/17461391.2014.894578"},{"issue":"4","key":"r19","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology (1985),","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00745.2016","article-title":"Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration","volume":"122","author":"Evans, G.H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans, G.H., James, L.J., Shirreffs, S.M., & Maughan, R.J. (2017). Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 122(4), 945\u2013951. PubMed ID: 28126906 doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00745.201610.1152\/japplphysiol.00745.2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318169cdda","article-title":"Elite Kenyan endurance runners are hydrated day-to-day with ad libitum fluid intake","volume":"40","author":"Fudge, B.W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fudge, B.W., Easton, C., Kingsmore, D., Kiplamai, F.K., Onywera, V.O., Westerterp, K.R., . . . Pitsiladis, Y.P. (2008). Elite Kenyan endurance runners are hydrated day-to-day with ad libitum fluid intake. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(6), 1171\u20131179. PubMed ID: 18460986 doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318169cdda10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318169cdda"},{"issue":"4","key":"r21","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000174702.23983.41","article-title":"Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005","volume":"15","author":"Hew-Butler, T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hew-Butler, T., Almond, C., Ayus, J.C., Dugas, J., Meeuwisse, W., Noakes, T., . . . Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Panel. (2005). Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 15(4), 208\u2013213. PubMed ID: 1600303210.1097\/01.jsm.0000174702.23983.41"},{"issue":"5","key":"r22","series-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x","article-title":"Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth","volume":"22","author":"Kavouras, S.A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kavouras, S.A., Arnaoutis, G., Makrillos, M., Garagouni, C., Nikolaou, E., Chira, O., . . . Sidossis, L.S. (2012). Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(5), 684\u2013689. PubMed ID: 21410548 doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"r23","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1405-y","article-title":"Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment","volume":"109","author":"Lee, J.K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J.K., Nio, A.Q., Lim, C.L., Teo, E.Y., & Byrne, C. (2010). Thermoregulation, pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(5), 887\u2013898. PubMed ID: 20237797 doi:10.1007\/s00p421-010-1405-y10.1007\/s00421-010-1405-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.18.5.457","article-title":"Development of individual hydration strategies for athletes","volume":"18","author":"Maughan, R.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maughan, R.J., & Shirreffs, S.M. (2008). Development of individual hydration strategies for athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18(5), 457\u2013472. PubMed ID: 19033609 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.18.5.45710.1123\/ijsnem.18.5.457"},{"issue":"9","key":"r25","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.9.02","article-title":"National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: Fluid replacement for the physically active","volume":"52","author":"McDermott, B.P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDermott, B.P., Anderson, S.A., Armstrong, L.E., Casa, D.J., Cheuvront, S.N., Cooper, L., . . . Roberts, W.O. (2017). National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: Fluid replacement for the physically active. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(9), 877\u2013895. PubMed ID: 28985128 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-52.9.0210.4085\/1062-6050-52.9.02"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010037","article-title":"24-h fluid kinetics and perception of sweat losses following a 1-h run in a temperate environment","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Neal, E.K.","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal, E.K., Caufield, C.R., Lowe, J.B., Stevenson, M.C., Davis, B.A., & Thigpen, L.K. (2014). 24-h fluid kinetics and perception of sweat losses following a 1-h run in a temperate environment. Nutrients, 6(1), 37\u201349. PubMed ID: 24451307 doi:10.3390\/nu601003710.3390\/nu6010037"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.5.353","article-title":"Runners greatly underestimate sweat losses before and after a 1-hr summer run","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Neal, E.K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal, E.K., Davis, B.A., Thigpen, L.K., Caufield, C.R., Horton, A.D., & McIntosh, J.R. (2012). Runners greatly underestimate sweat losses before and after a 1-hr summer run. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(5), 353\u2013362. PubMed ID: 23011653 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.22.5.35310.1123\/ijsnem.22.5.353"},{"issue":"6","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.581","article-title":"Half-marathon and full-marathon runners\u2019 hydration practices and perceptions","volume":"46","author":"O\u2019Neal, E.K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal, E.K., Wingo, J.E., Richardson, M.T., Leeper, J.D., Neggers, Y.H., & Bishop, P.A. (2011). Half-marathon and full-marathon runners\u2019 hydration practices and perceptions. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(6), 581\u2013591. PubMed ID: 22488182 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.58110.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.581"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.15.3.236","article-title":"Accuracy of urine specific gravity and osmolality as indicators of hydration status","volume":"15","author":"Oppliger, R.A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oppliger, R.A., Magnes, S.A., Popowski, L.A., & Gisolfi, C.V. (2005). Accuracy of urine specific gravity and osmolality as indicators of hydration status. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(3), 236\u2013251. PubMed ID: 16131695 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.15.3.23610.1123\/ijsnem.15.3.236"},{"issue":"3","key":"r30","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.17.3.284","article-title":"Voluntary dehydration in runners despite favorable conditions for fluid intake","volume":"17","author":"Passe, D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Passe, D., Horn, M., Stofan, J., Horswill, C., & Murray, R. (2007). Voluntary dehydration in runners despite favorable conditions for fluid intake. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(3), 284\u2013295. PubMed ID: 17693689 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.17.3.28410.1123\/ijsnem.17.3.284"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00011","article-title":"Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration","volume":"33","author":"Popowski, L.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Popowski, L.A., Oppliger, R.A., Patrick Lambert, G., Johnson, R.F., Kim Johnson, A., & Gisolf, C.V. (2001). Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), 747\u2013753. PubMed ID: 11323543 doi:10.1097\/00005768-200105000-0001110.1097\/00005768-200105000-00011"},{"issue":"2","key":"r32","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"377","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement","volume":"39","author":"Sawka, M.N.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sawka, M.N., Burke, L.M., Eichner, E.R., Maughan, R.J., Montain, S.J., & Stachenfeld, N.S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(2), 377\u2013390. PubMed ID: 17277604 doi:10.1249\/mss.0b013e31802ca597"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140572","article-title":"Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition","volume":"22","author":"Shirreffs, S.M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shirreffs, S.M., Armstrong, L.E., & Cheuvront, S.N. (2004). Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 57\u201363. PubMed ID: 14971433 doi:10.1080\/026404103100014057210.1080\/0264041031000140572"},{"issue":"7","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Science and Research,","first-page":"1654","article-title":"Effect of hydration education on college athlete\u2019s hydration status and KAP","volume":"3","author":"Sobana, R.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sobana, R.M., & Many, J.M. (2014). Effect of hydration education on college athlete\u2019s hydration status and KAP. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(7), 1654\u20131658."},{"issue":"9","key":"r35","series-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b73c3f","article-title":"Influence of hydration status on pacing during trail running in the heat","volume":"23","author":"Stearns, R.L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stearns, R.L., Casa, D.J., Lopez, R.M., McDermott, B.P., Ganio, M.S., Decher, N.R., . . . Maresh, C.M. (2009). Influence of hydration status on pacing during trail running in the heat. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2533\u20132541. PubMed ID: 19675477 doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b73c3f10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b73c3f"},{"issue":"2","key":"r36","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0362","article-title":"Fluid retention and utility of practical hydration markers to detect three levels of recovery fluid intake in male runners","volume":"27","author":"Wilcoxson, M.C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilcoxson, M.C., Johnson, S.L., Pribyslavska, V., Green, J.M., & O\u2019Neal, E.K. (2017). Fluid retention and utility of practical hydration markers to detect three levels of recovery fluid intake in male runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 27(2), 178\u2013185. PubMed ID: 27710148 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-036210.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0362"},{"issue":"8","key":"r37","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.075275","article-title":"Beliefs about hydration and physiology drive drinking behaviours in runners","volume":"45","author":"Winger, J.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winger, J.M., Dugas, J.P., & Dugas, L.R. (2011). Beliefs about hydration and physiology drive drinking behaviours in runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(8), 646\u2013649. PubMed ID: 20876587 doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2010.07527510.1136\/bjsm.2010.075275"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38","series-title":"The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0927-y","article-title":"Factors associated with pre-event hydration status and drinking behavior of middle-aged cyclists","volume":"22","author":"Yates, B.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yates, B.A., Ellis, L.A., Butts, C.L., McDermott, B.P., Williamson, K.H., & Armstrong, L.E. (2017). Factors associated with pre-event hydration status and drinking behavior of middle-aged cyclists. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 22(3):335\u2013340. PubMed ID: 29484346 doi:10.1007\/s12603-017-0927-y10.1007\/s12603-017-0927-y"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/29\/1\/article-p32.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/29\/1\/article-p32.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/29\/1\/article-p32.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T02:15:45Z","timestamp":1724292945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/29\/1\/article-p32.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-484X","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}