{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T21:28:27Z","timestamp":1744234107542},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyphenol consumption has become a popular method of trying to temper muscle damage. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have attracted attention due to their high polyphenol content and palatability. As such, this study will investigate whether an acute dose of CF can aid recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. The study was a laboratory-based, randomized, single-blind, nutrient-controlled trial involving 23 participants (13 females and 10 males). Participants were randomized into either control \u223c0\u00a0mg CF (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098, four females); high dose of 830\u00a0mg CF (CF<jats:sub>830<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098, five females); or supra dose of 1,245\u00a0mg CF (CF<jats:sub>1245<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097, four females). The exercise-induced muscle damage protocol consisted of five sets of 10 maximal concentric\/eccentric hamstring curls and immediately consumed their assigned drink following completion. To measure muscle recovery, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee flexors at 60\u00b0 and 30\u00b0, a visual analog scale (VAS), and lower-extremity function scale were taken at baseline, immediately, 24-, 48-, and 72-hr postexercise-induced muscle damage. There was a main effect for time for all variables (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). However, no significant differences were observed between groups for all measures (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u2009.17). At 48\u00a0hr, there were large effect sizes between control and CF<jats:sub>1245<\/jats:sub> for MVIC60 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.17, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.8); MVIC30 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.26, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.8); MVIC30 percentage change (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.24 <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.9); and visual analog scale (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.25, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.9). As no significant differences were observed following the consumption of CF, there is reason to believe that CF offer no benefit for muscle recovery when ingested acutely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T06:42:07Z","timestamp":1594190527000},"page":"338-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acute Consumption of Varied Doses of Cocoa Flavanols Does Not Influence Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Liam D.","family":"Corr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Pufal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Killey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam D.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Naughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huddersfield"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.2.113","article-title":"Regular dark chocolate consumption\u2019s reduction of oxidative stress and increase of free-fatty-acid mobilization in response to prolonged cycling","volume":"21","author":"Allgrove, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allgrove, J., Farrell, E., Gleeson, M., Williamson, G., & Cooper, K. (2011). Regular dark chocolate consumption\u2019s reduction of oxidative stress and increase of free-fatty-acid mobilization in response to prolonged cycling. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(2), 113\u2013123. PubMed ID: 21558573 doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.21.2.11310.1123\/ijsnem.21.2.113"},{"issue":"8","key":"r2","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820e5adc","article-title":"Montmorency cherry juice reduces muscle damage caused by intensive strength exercise","volume":"43","author":"Bowtell, J.L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bowtell, J.L., Sumners, D.P., Dyer, A., Fox, P., & Mileva, K.N. (2011). Montmorency cherry juice reduces muscle damage caused by intensive strength exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(8), 1544\u20131551. PubMed ID: 21233776 doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820e5adc10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820e5adc"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Energy balance, exercise-induced muscle damage, and the efficacy of nutritional interventions on recovery in female dancers","author":"Brown, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown, M. (2017). Energy balance, exercise-induced muscle damage, and the efficacy of nutritional interventions on recovery in female dancers. Doctoral Thesis, Northumbria University, Newcastle."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"British Medical Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4488","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4488","article-title":"Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"343,","author":"Buitrago-Lopez, A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buitrago-Lopez, A., Sanderson, J., Johnson, L., Warnakula, S., Wood, A., Di Angelantonio, E., & Franco, O.H. (2011). Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 343, d4488. PubMed ID: 21875885 doi:10.1136\/bmj.d448810.1136\/bmj.d4488"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1648-7","article-title":"Comparison in eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage among four limb muscles","volume":"111","author":"Chen, T.C.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, T.C., Lin, K.-Y., Chen, H.-L., Lin, M.-J., & Nosaka, K. (2011). Comparison in eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage among four limb muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(2), 211\u2013223. PubMed ID: 20852880 doi:10.1007\/s00421-010-1648-710.1007\/s00421-010-1648-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333020-00005","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness: Treatment strategies and performance factors","volume":"33","author":"Cheung, K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheung, K., Hume, P., & Maxwell, L. (2003). Delayed onset muscle soreness: Treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Medicine, 33(2), 145\u2013164. PubMed ID: 12617692 doi:10.2165\/00007256-200333020-0000510.2165\/00007256-200333020-00005"},{"issue":"08","key":"r7","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100281","article-title":"Susceptibility to exercise-induced muscle damage: A cluster analysis with a large sample","volume":"37","author":"Damas, F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Damas, F., Nosaka, K., Libardi, C.A., Chen, T.C., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2016). Susceptibility to exercise-induced muscle damage: A cluster analysis with a large sample. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(08), 633\u2013640. doi:10.1055\/s-0042-10028110.1055\/s-0042-100281"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"European Journal of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0193-4","article-title":"The effect of acute pre-exercise dark chocolate consumption on plasma antioxidant status, oxidative stress and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise","volume":"51","author":"Davison, G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davison, G., Callister, R., Williamson, G., Cooper, K.A., & Gleeson, M. (2012). The effect of acute pre-exercise dark chocolate consumption on plasma antioxidant status, oxidative stress and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise. European Journal of Nutrition, 51(1), 69\u201379. PubMed ID: 21465244 doi:10.1007\/s00394-011-0193-410.1007\/s00394-011-0193-4"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.035","article-title":"Cocoa flavanol effects on markers of oxidative stress and recovery after muscle damage protocol in elite rugby players","volume":"62,","author":"de Carvalho, F.G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Carvalho, F.G., Fisher, M.G., Thornley, T.T., Roemer, K., Pritchett, R., Freitas, E.C., & Pritchett, K. (2019). Cocoa flavanol effects on markers of oxidative stress and recovery after muscle damage protocol in elite rugby players. Nutrition, 62, 47\u201351. PubMed ID: 30826599 doi:10.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.03510.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.035"},{"issue":"7","key":"r10","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582","article-title":"Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: The UEFA injury study","volume":"45","author":"Ekstrand, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ekstrand, J., H\u00e4gglund, M., & Wald\u00e9n, M. (2011). Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: The UEFA injury study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(7), 553\u2013558. PubMed ID: 19553225 doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.06058210.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060321","article-title":"Impact of cocoa consumption on inflammation processes\u2014A critical review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Ellinger, S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellinger, S., & Stehle, P. (2016). Impact of cocoa consumption on inflammation processes\u2014A critical review of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 8(6), 321. doi:10.3390\/nu806032110.3390\/nu8060321"},{"issue":"04","key":"r12","series-title":"Journal of Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4172\/2573-0312.1000121","article-title":"Exercise-induced inflammation during different phases of the menstrual cycle","volume":"1","author":"Hayashida, H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayashida, H., Shimura, M., Sugama, K., Kanda, K., & Suzuki, K. (2016). Exercise-induced inflammation during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Journal of Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation, 1(04), 4. doi:10.4172\/2573-0312.100012110.4172\/2573-0312.1000121"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.023457","article-title":"Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"95","author":"Hooper, L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hooper, L., Kay, C., Abdelhamid, A., Kroon, P.A., Cohn, J.S., Rimm, E.B., & Cassidy, A. (2012). Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(3), 740\u2013751. PubMed ID: 22301923 doi:10.3945\/ajcn.111.02345710.3945\/ajcn.111.023457"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038497","article-title":"Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players","volume":"42","author":"Impellizzeri, F.M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42\u201346. PubMed ID: 17526621 doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2007.03849710.1136\/bjsm.2007.038497"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Exercise Immunology Review,","first-page":"72","article-title":"Eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness and changes in markers of muscle damage and inflammation","volume":"19,","author":"Kanda, K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanda, K., Sugama, K., Hayashida, H., Sakuma, J., Kawakami, Y., Miura, S., \u2026 Suzuki, K. (2013). Eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness and changes in markers of muscle damage and inflammation. Exercise Immunology Review, 19, 72\u201385. PubMed ID: 23977721"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0387-7","article-title":"Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Knapik, J.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knapik, J.J., Steelman, R.A., Hoedebecke, S.S., Austin, K.G., Farina, E.K., & Lieberman, H.R. (2016). Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(1), 103\u2013123. PubMed ID: 26442916 doi:10.1007\/s40279-015-0387-710.1007\/s40279-015-0387-7"},{"issue":"25","key":"r17","series-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0344385","article-title":"Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine","volume":"51","author":"Lee, K.W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee, K.W., Kim, Y.J., Lee, H.J., & Lee, C.Y. (2003). Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(25), 7292\u20137295. PubMed ID: 14640573 doi:10.1021\/jf034438510.1021\/jf0344385"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R599","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00480.2009","article-title":"Eccentric contraction induces inflammatory responses in rat skeletal muscle: Role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"298","author":"Liao, P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liao, P., Zhou, J., Ji, L.L., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Eccentric contraction induces inflammatory responses in rat skeletal muscle: Role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 298(3), R599\u2013R607. PubMed ID: 20007518 doi:10.1152\/ajpregu.00480.200910.1152\/ajpregu.00480.2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"r19","series-title":"Developmental Immunology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/1044667031000137601","article-title":"Modulation of TNF-alpha secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cocoa flavanols and procyanidins","volume":"9","author":"Mao, T.K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mao, T.K., van de Water, J., Keen, C.L., Schmitz, H.H., & Gershwin, M.E. (2002). Modulation of TNF-alpha secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cocoa flavanols and procyanidins. Developmental Immunology, 9(3), 135\u2013141. PubMed ID: 12885154 doi:10.1080\/104466703100013760110.1080\/1044667031000137601"},{"issue":"4","key":"r20","series-title":"Sports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040159","article-title":"Flavanol-rich cacao mucilage juice enhances recovery of power but not strength from intensive exercise in healthy, young men","volume":"6","author":"Morgan, P.T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan, P.T., Wollman, P.M., Jackman, S.R., & Bowtell, J.L. (2018). Flavanol-rich cacao mucilage juice enhances recovery of power but not strength from intensive exercise in healthy, young men. Sports, 6(4), 159. doi:10.3390\/sports604015910.3390\/sports6040159"},{"issue":"5","key":"r21","series-title":"Biomarkers,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2013.810668","article-title":"Variability in oxidative stress biomarkers following a maximal exercise test","volume":"18","author":"Mullins, A.L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mullins, A.L., van Rosendal, S.P., Briskey, D.R., Fassett, R.G., Wilson, G.R., & Coombes, J.S. (2013). Variability in oxidative stress biomarkers following a maximal exercise test. Biomarkers, 18(5), 446\u2013454. PubMed ID: 23862764 doi:10.3109\/1354750X.2013.81066810.3109\/1354750X.2013.810668"},{"issue":"7","key":"r22","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31804ca10c","article-title":"Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise","volume":"39","author":"Nikolaidis, M.G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nikolaidis, M.G., Paschalis, V., Giakas, G., Fatouros, I.G., Koutedakis, Y., Kouretas, D., & Jamurtas, A.Z. (2007). Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(7), 1080\u20131089. PubMed ID: 17596775 doi:10.1249\/mss.0b013e31804ca10c10.1249\/mss.0b013e31804ca10c"},{"issue":"5","key":"r23","series-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00033-0","article-title":"EMG-angle relationship of the hamstring muscles during maximum knee flexion","volume":"12","author":"Onishi, H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Onishi, H., Yagi, R., Oyama, M., Akasaka, K., Ihashi, K., & Handa, Y. (2002). EMG-angle relationship of the hamstring muscles during maximum knee flexion. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 12(5), 399\u2013406. PubMed ID: 12223173 doi:10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00033-010.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00033-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1505957","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions?","volume":"19","author":"Owens, D.J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owens, D.J., Twist, C., Cobley, J.N., Howatson, G., & Close, G.L. (2019). Exercise-induced muscle damage: What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions? European Journal of Sport Science, 19(1), 71\u201385. PubMed ID: 30110239 doi:10.1080\/17461391.2018.150595710.1080\/17461391.2018.1505957"},{"issue":"4","key":"r25","series-title":"The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002257","article-title":"Physical response to a simulated period of soccer-specific fixture congestion","volume":"33","author":"Page, R.M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Page, R.M., Marrin, K., Brogden, C.M., & Greig, M. (2019). Physical response to a simulated period of soccer-specific fixture congestion. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(4), 1075\u20131085. PubMed ID: 29023324 doi:10.1519\/JSC.000000000000225710.1519\/JSC.0000000000002257"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0106-7","article-title":"Dark chocolate supplementation reduces the oxygen cost of moderate intensity cycling","volume":"12","author":"Patel, R.K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel, R.K., Brouner, J., & Spendiff, O. (2015). Dark chocolate supplementation reduces the oxygen cost of moderate intensity cycling. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 47. doi:10.1186\/s12970-015-0106-710.1186\/s12970-015-0106-7"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Exercise Immunology Review,","first-page":"42","article-title":"Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: What role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise?","volume":"18,","author":"Paulsen, G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paulsen, G., Ramer Mikkelsen, U., Raastad, T., & Peake, J.M. (2012). Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: What role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exercise Immunology Review, 18, 42\u201397. PubMed ID: 22876722"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010050","article-title":"The effects of acute post exercise consumption of two cocoa-based beverages with varying flavanol content on indices of muscle recovery following downhill treadmill running","volume":"6","author":"Peschek, K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peschek, K., Pritchett, R., Bergman, E., & Pritchett, K. (2013). The effects of acute post exercise consumption of two cocoa-based beverages with varying flavanol content on indices of muscle recovery following downhill treadmill running. Nutrients, 6(1), 50\u201362. PubMed ID: 24362706 doi:10.3390\/nu601005010.3390\/nu6010050"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"The Journal of Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073965","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to muscle injury and impair its resolution after lengthening contractions in mice","volume":"562","author":"Pizza, F.X.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pizza, F.X., Peterson, J.M., Baas, J.H., & Koh, T.J. (2005). Neutrophils contribute to muscle injury and impair its resolution after lengthening contractions in mice. The Journal of Physiology, 562(3), 899\u2013913. doi:10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.07396510.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073965"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Physiological Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production","volume":"88","author":"Powers, S.K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powers, S.K., & Jackson, M.J. (2008). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1243\u20131276. PubMed ID: 18923182 doi:10.1152\/physrev.00031.200710.1152\/physrev.00031.2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"r31","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002579","article-title":"Normative quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values for female, healthy, elite handball and football players","volume":"32","author":"Risberg, M.A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Risberg, M.A., Steffen, K., Nilstad, A., Myklebust, G., Kristianslund, E., Moltubakk, M.M., & Krosshaug, T. (2018). Normative quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values for female, healthy, elite handball and football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(8), 2314\u20132323. PubMed ID: 29794892 doi:10.1519\/JSC.000000000000257910.1519\/JSC.0000000000002579"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000766","article-title":"Lower-extremity strength ratios of professional soccer players according to field position","volume":"29","author":"Ruas, C.V.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruas, C.V., Minozzo, F., Pinto, M.D., Brown, L.E., & Pinto, R.S. (2015). Lower-extremity strength ratios of professional soccer players according to field position. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1220\u20131226. PubMed ID: 25436632 doi:10.1519\/JSC.000000000000076610.1519\/JSC.0000000000000766"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"r33","series-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.05.029","article-title":"The flavanol (\u2013)-epicatechin and its metabolites protect against oxidative stress in primary endothelial cells via a direct antioxidant effect","volume":"715","author":"Ruijters, E.J.B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruijters, E.J.B., Weseler, A.R., Kicken, C., Haenen, G.R.M.M., & Bast, A. (2013). The flavanol (\u2013)-epicatechin and its metabolites protect against oxidative stress in primary endothelial cells via a direct antioxidant effect. European Journal of Pharmacology, 715(1\u20133), 147\u2013153. doi:10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.05.02910.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.05.029"},{"issue":"1","key":"r34","series-title":"Clinical Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1040069","article-title":"Peripheral blood leucocyte functional responses to acute eccentric exercise in humans are influenced by systemic stress, but not by exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"104","author":"Saxton, J.M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saxton, J.M., Claxton, D., Winter, E., & Pockley, A.G. (2003). Peripheral blood leucocyte functional responses to acute eccentric exercise in humans are influenced by systemic stress, but not by exercise-induced muscle damage. Clinical Science, 104(1), 69\u201377. PubMed ID: 12519089 doi:10.1042\/cs104006910.1042\/cs1040069"},{"issue":"1","key":"r35","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215S","article-title":"Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond","volume":"81","author":"Scalbert, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scalbert, A., Johnson, I.T., & Saltmarsh, M. (2005). Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr, 81(1), 215S\u2013217S. doi:10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215S10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215S"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510168103","article-title":"(\u2013)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans","volume":"103","author":"Schroeter, H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schroeter, H., Heiss, C., Balzer, J., Kleinbongard, P., Keen, C.L., Hollenberg, N.K., \u2026 Kelm, M. (2006). (\u2013)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(4), 1024\u20131029. PubMed ID: 16418281 doi:10.1073\/pnas.051016810310.1073\/pnas.0510168103"},{"issue":"44","key":"r37","series-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6701","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666161123094235","article-title":"Functional foods for health: the interrelated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and cocoa in humans","volume":"22","author":"Serafini, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serafini, M., & Peluso, I. (2016). Functional foods for health: the interrelated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and cocoa in humans. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(44), 6701\u20136715. PubMed ID: 27881064 doi:10.2174\/138161282366616112309423510.2174\/1381612823666161123094235"},{"issue":"2","key":"r38","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aedda","article-title":"Sex differences in response to maximal eccentric exercise","volume":"40","author":"Sewright, K.A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sewright, K.A., Hubal, M.J., Kearns, A., Holbrook, M.T., & Clarkson, P.M. (2008). Sex differences in response to maximal eccentric exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(2), 242\u2013251. PubMed ID: 18202579 doi:10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aedda10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815aedda"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200301000-00008","article-title":"Influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle damage, inflammation, and repair","volume":"31","author":"Tiidus, P.M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tiidus, P.M. (2003). Influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle damage, inflammation, and repair. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 31(1), 40\u201344. PubMed ID: 12562169 doi:10.1097\/00003677-200301000-0000810.1097\/00003677-200301000-00008"},{"issue":"4","key":"r40","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.4.284","article-title":"The inflammatory response: Friend or enemy for muscle injury?","volume":"37","author":"Toumi, H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toumi, H., & Best, T.M. (2003). The inflammatory response: Friend or enemy for muscle injury? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(4), 284\u2013286. PubMed ID: 12893707 doi:10.1136\/bjsm.37.4.28410.1136\/bjsm.37.4.284"},{"issue":"4","key":"r41","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0935-z","article-title":"The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on perceived exertion and cycling endurance performance","volume":"105","author":"Twist, C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Twist, C., & Eston, R.G. (2009). The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on perceived exertion and cycling endurance performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(4), 559\u2013567. PubMed ID: 19023588 doi:10.1007\/s00421-008-0935-z10.1007\/s00421-008-0935-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199927010-00004","article-title":"Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury","volume":"27","author":"Warren, G.L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Warren, G.L., Lowe, D.A., & Armstrong, R.B. (1999). Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sports Medicine, 27(1), 43\u201359. PubMed ID: 10028132 doi:10.2165\/00007256-199927010-0000410.2165\/00007256-199927010-00004"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-5-5","article-title":"Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"5","author":"White, J.P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"White, J.P., Wilson, J.M., Austin, K.G., Greer, B.K., St John, N., & Panton, L.B. (2008). Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5(1), 5. doi:10.1186\/1550-2783-5-510.1186\/1550-2783-5-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"r44","series-title":"Sports Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112469930","article-title":"Accuracy of calendar-based methods for assigning menstrual cycle phase in women","volume":"5","author":"Wideman, L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wideman, L., Montgomery, M.M., Levine, B.J., Beynnon, B.D., & Shultz, S.J. (2013). Accuracy of calendar-based methods for assigning menstrual cycle phase in women. Sports Health, 5(2), 143\u2013149. PubMed ID: 24427382 doi:10.1177\/194173811246993010.1177\/1941738112469930"},{"issue":"3","key":"r45","series-title":"Nutrition Bulletin,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12278","article-title":"The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition","volume":"42","author":"Williamson, G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williamson, G. (2017). The role of polyphenols in modern nutrition. Nutrition Bulletin, 42(3), 226\u2013235. PubMed ID: 28983192 doi:10.1111\/nbu.1227810.1111\/nbu.12278"},{"issue":"2","key":"r46","series-title":"International Anesthesiology Clinics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation, and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang, J.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, J.M., & An, J. (2007). Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 45(2), 27\u201337. PubMed ID: 17426506 doi:10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/30\/5\/article-p338.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/30\/5\/article-p338.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/30\/5\/article-p338.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:34:58Z","timestamp":1724297698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/30\/5\/article-p338.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0057","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1526-484X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2742"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}