{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T04:58:24Z","timestamp":1764305904464},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People with spinal cord injury (SCI) tend to be more sedentary and increase fat accumulation, which could have a negative influence on metabolic flexibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity to oxidize fat in a homogenous sample of men with thoracic SCI compared with healthy noninjured men during an arm cycling incremental test. Forty-one men, 21 with SCI and 20 noninjured controls, performed an incremental arm cycling test to determine peak fat oxidation (PFO) and the intensity of exercise that elicits PFO (Fat<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>). PFO was expressed in absolute values (g\/min) and relative to whole-body and upper-body lean mass ([mg\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>]\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) through three different models (adjusting by cardiorespiratory fitness and fat mass). Gross mechanical efficiency was also calculated. PFO was higher in SCI than in noninjured men (0.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 vs. 0.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u00a0g\/min; 5.39\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30 vs. 3.29\u2009\u00b1\u20091.31 [mg\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>]\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> whole-body lean mass; 8.28\u2009\u00b1\u20092.11 vs. 5.08\u2009\u00b1\u20092.12 [mg\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>]\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> upper-body lean mass). Fat<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was found at a significantly higher percentage of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak in men with SCI (33.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2% vs. 23.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4%). Differences persisted and even increased in the fully adjustment model and at any intensity. Men with SCI showed significantly higher gross mechanical efficiency at 35 and 65\u00a0W than the noninjured group. Men with SCI showed higher fat oxidation when compared with noninjured men at any intensity, even increased after full adjustment for lean mass, fat mass, and cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest that SCI men could improve their metabolic flexibility and muscle mass for greater efficiency, not being affected by their fat accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T06:57:09Z","timestamp":1632985029000},"page":"30-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased Fat Oxidation During Arm Cycling Exercise in Adult Men With Spinal Cord Injury Compared With Noninjured Controls"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mart\u00edn-Manjarr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vila-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Gil-Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain, Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"92","article-title":"Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation","volume":"34","author":"Achten, J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Achten, J., Gleeson, M., & Jeukendrup, A.E. (2002). Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(1), 92\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00015"},{"issue":"3, Pt. 1","key":"r2","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology,","first-page":"E593","article-title":"Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients","volume":"271","author":"Aksnes, A.K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aksnes, A.K., Hjeltnes, N., Wahlstr\u00f6m, E.O., Katz, A., Zierath, J.R., & Wallberg-Henriksson, H. (1996). Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients. American Journal of Physiology, 271(3, Pt. 1), E593\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.271.3.E5938843756"},{"issue":"9","key":"r3","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults: Data analysis maximal fat oxidation","volume":"19","author":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J.","year":"2019a","unstructured":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Alcantara, J.M., Martinez-Tellez, B., Acosta, F.M., Helge, J.W., & Ruiz, J.R. (2019a). Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults: Data analysis maximal fat oxidation. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(9), 1230\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2019.159516030922184"},{"issue":"12","key":"r4","series-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,","first-page":"5780","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness may influence metabolic inflexibility during exercise in obese persons","volume":"104","author":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J.","year":"2019b","unstructured":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Ara, I., & Jonatan, R.R. (2019b). Cardiorespiratory fitness may influence metabolic inflexibility during exercise in obese persons. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(12), 5780\u20135790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-01225"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","first-page":"909","article-title":"Optimizing maximal fat oxidation assessment by a treadmill-based graded exercise protocol: When should the test end?","volume":"10,","author":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J.","year":"2019c","unstructured":"Amaro-Gahete, F.J., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Helge, J.W., & Ruiz, J.R. (2019c). Optimizing maximal fat oxidation assessment by a treadmill-based graded exercise protocol: When should the test end? Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.0090931396095"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"International Journal of Obesity,","first-page":"99","article-title":"Normal mitochondrial function and increased fat oxidation capacity in leg and arm muscles in obese humans","volume":"35","author":"Ara, I.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ara, I., Larsen, S., Stallknecht, B., Guerra, B., Morales-Alamo, D., Andersen, J., Ponce-Gonzalez, J., Guadalupe-Grau, A., Galbo, H., & Calbet, J. (2011). Normal mitochondrial function and increased fat oxidation capacity in leg and arm muscles in obese humans. International Journal of Obesity, 35(1), 99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2010.12320548301"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","first-page":"187","article-title":"Substrate metabolism during exercise in the spinal cord injured","volume":"106","author":"Astorino, T.A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Astorino, T.A., & Harness, E.T. (2009). Substrate metabolism during exercise in the spinal cord injured. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(2), 187\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-009-1005-x19224241"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development,","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between energy expenditure and lean tissue in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Bauman, W.A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bauman, W.A., Spungen, A.M., Wang, J., & Pierson, R.N., Jr. (2004). The relationship between energy expenditure and lean tissue in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 41(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1682\/jrrd.2004.01.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"r9","series-title":"The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine,","first-page":"359","article-title":"Body composition of women and men with complete motor paraplegia","volume":"37","author":"Beck, L.A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck, L.A., Lamb, J.L., Atkinson, E.J., Wuermser, L.A., & Amin, S. (2014). Body composition of women and men with complete motor paraplegia. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 37(4), 359\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772313Y.000000015124090208"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"27","article-title":"Exercise participation barrier prevalence and association with exercise participation status in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Cowan, R.E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cowan, R.E., Nash, M.S., & Anderson, K.D. (2013). Exercise participation barrier prevalence and association with exercise participation status in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 51(1), 27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2012.5322584283"},{"issue":"12","key":"r11","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"729","article-title":"Physical capacity and physical strain in persons with tetraplegia; The role of sport activity","volume":"34","author":"Dallmeijer, A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dallmeijer, A., Hopman, M., Van As, H., & Van der Woude, L. (1996). Physical capacity and physical strain in persons with tetraplegia; The role of sport activity. Spinal Cord, 34(12), 729\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1996.1338961431"},{"issue":"4","key":"r12","series-title":"Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,","first-page":"468","article-title":"Health implications of physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A literature review","volume":"30","author":"Fernhall, B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernhall, B., Heffernan, K., Jae, S.Y., & Hedrick, B. (2008). Health implications of physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A literature review. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30(4), 468\u2013502.18236700"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","first-page":"628","article-title":"Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange","volume":"55","author":"Frayn, K.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Frayn, K. (1983). Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(2), 628\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.2.6286618956"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Experimental Physiology,","first-page":"160","article-title":"Leptin receptor 170 kDa (OB\u2010R170) protein expression is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle: A potential mechanism of leptin resistance","volume":"95","author":"Fuentes, T.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fuentes, T., Ara, I., Guadalupe\u2010Grau, A., Larsen, S., Stallknecht, B., Olmedillas, H., Santana, A., Helge, J., Calbet, J., & Guerra, B. (2010). Leptin receptor 170 kDa (OB\u2010R170) protein expression is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle: A potential mechanism of leptin resistance. Experimental Physiology, 95(1), 160\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.04927019717488"},{"issue":"11","key":"r15","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"642","article-title":"Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Haisma, J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haisma, J., Van der Woude, L., Stam, H., Bergen, M., Sluis, T., & Bussmann, J. (2006). Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord, 44(11), 642\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.310191516534502"},{"issue":"12","key":"r16","series-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism,","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention","volume":"40","author":"Ipavec-Levasseur, S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ipavec-Levasseur, S., Croci, I., Choquette, S., Byrne, N.M., Cowin, G., O\u2019Moore-Sullivan, T.M., Prins, J.B., & Hickman, I.J. (2015). Effect of 1-h moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 40(12), 1262\u20131268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2015-0258"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine,","first-page":"427","article-title":"Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia","volume":"36","author":"Jacobs, K.A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jacobs, K.A., Burns, P., Kressler, J., & Nash, M.S. (2013). Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 36(5), 427\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2045772313Y.000000012323941790"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"r18","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements","volume":"26","author":"Jeukendrup, A.E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeukendrup, A.E., & Wallis, G.A. (2005). Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(Suppl. 1), S28\u2013S37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-83051215702454"},{"issue":"6","key":"r19","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,","first-page":"E1130","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss","volume":"277","author":"Kelley, D.E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kelley, D.E., Goodpaster, B., Wing, R.R., & Simoneau, J.-A. (1999). Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 277(6), E1130\u2013E1141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.277.6.E1130."},{"issue":"5","key":"r20","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,","first-page":"E1039","article-title":"Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle","volume":"279","author":"Kim, J.-Y.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim, J.-Y., Hickner, R.C., Cortright, R.L., Dohm, G.L., & Houmard, J.A. (2000). Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 279(5), E1039\u2013E1044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.5.E103911052958"},{"issue":"10","key":"r21","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"564","article-title":"Optimal exercise intensities for fat metabolism in handbike cycling and cycling","volume":"42","author":"Knechtle, B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knechtle, B., M\u00fcller, G., & Knecht, H. (2004). Optimal exercise intensities for fat metabolism in handbike cycling and cycling. Spinal Cord, 42(10), 564\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.310161215289799"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"r22","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","first-page":"614","article-title":"Comparison of fat oxidation in arm cranking in spinal cord-injured people versus ergometry in cyclists","volume":"90","author":"Knechtle, B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knechtle, B., M\u00fcller, G., Willmann, F., Eser, P., & Knecht, H. (2003). Comparison of fat oxidation in arm cranking in spinal cord-injured people versus ergometry in cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(5\u20136), 614\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-003-0920-512923642"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"24","article-title":"Fat oxidation at different intensities in wheelchair racing","volume":"42","author":"Knechtle, B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knechtle, B., M\u00fcller, G., Willmann, F., Eser, P., & Knecht, H. (2004). Fat oxidation at different intensities in wheelchair racing. Spinal Cord, 42(1), 24\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.310154814713940"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","first-page":"48","article-title":"Body composition of spinal cord injured adults","volume":"23","author":"Kocina, P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kocina, P. (1997). Body composition of spinal cord injured adults. Sports Medicine, 23(1), 48\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199723010-00005.9017859"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation,","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effects of circuit resistance training and timely protein supplementation on exercise-induced fat oxidation in tetraplegic adults","volume":"20","author":"Kressler, J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kressler, J., Jacobs, K., Burns, P., Betancourt, L., & Nash, M.S. (2014). Effects of circuit resistance training and timely protein supplementation on exercise-induced fat oxidation in tetraplegic adults. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 20(2), 113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/sci2002-11325477733"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,","first-page":"863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4,","author":"Lakens, D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"issue":"1","key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine,","first-page":"31","article-title":"Relationship between training status and maximal fat oxidation rate","volume":"9","author":"Lima-Silva, A.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lima-Silva, A.E., Bertuzzi, R.C., Pires, F.O., Gagliardi, J.F., Barros, R.V., Hammond, J., & Kiss, M.A. (2010). Relationship between training status and maximal fat oxidation rate. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(1), 31."},{"issue":"10","key":"r28","series-title":"Nutrition Reviews,","first-page":"321","article-title":"Physical disability and obesity","volume":"63","author":"Liou, T.H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liou, T.H., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., & Laferr\u00e8re, B. (2005). Physical disability and obesity. Nutrition Reviews, 63(10), 321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00110.x16295145"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Acta Diabetologica,","first-page":"s183","article-title":"Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury subjects","volume":"40","author":"Maggioni, M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maggioni, M., Bertoli, S., Margonato, V., Merati, G., Veicsteinas, A., & Testolin, G. (2003). Body composition assessment in spinal cord injury subjects. Acta Diabetologica, 40(1), s183\u2013s186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-003-0061-714618468"},{"key":"r30","series-title":"Physiology & Behavior,","first-page":"350","article-title":"The Spanish version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 for children and adolescents (TFEQ-R21C): Psychometric analysis and relationships with body composition and fitness variables","volume":"165,","author":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, M., Vila-Maldonado, S., Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, I., Faya, F.M., Plaza-Carmona, M., Pastor-Vicedo, J.C., & Ara, I. (2016). The Spanish version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21 for children and adolescents (TFEQ-R21C): Psychometric analysis and relationships with body composition and fitness variables. Physiology & Behavior, 165, 350\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.08.015"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","first-page":"599","article-title":"Contextualising maximal fat oxidation during exercise: Determinants and normative values","volume":"9,","author":"Maunder, E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maunder, E., Plews, D.J., & Kilding, A.E. (2018). Contextualising maximal fat oxidation during exercise: Determinants and normative values. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.0059929875697"},{"issue":"11","key":"r32","series-title":"Spinal Cord,","first-page":"821","article-title":"Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the knee in spinal cord injury: Methodology and correlation with quantitative computed tomography","volume":"52","author":"McPherson, J.G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"McPherson, J.G., Edwards, W.B., Prasad, A., Troy, K.L., Griffith, J.W., & Schnitzer, T.J. (2014). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the knee in spinal cord injury: Methodology and correlation with quantitative computed tomography. Spinal Cord, 52(11), 821\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2014.12225023861"},{"issue":"3","key":"r33","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","first-page":"258","article-title":"Exercise effect with the wheelchair aerobic fitness trainer on conditioning and metabolic function in disabled persons: A pilot study","volume":"80","author":"Midha, M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Midha, M., Schmitt, J.K., & Sclater, M. (1999). Exercise effect with the wheelchair aerobic fitness trainer on conditioning and metabolic function in disabled persons: A pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80(3), 258\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90135-110084432"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34","series-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,","first-page":"209","article-title":"Whole\u2010body fat oxidation determined by graded exercise and indirect calorimetry: A role for muscle oxidative capacity?","volume":"16","author":"Nordby, P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nordby, P., Saltin, B., & Helge, J. (2006). Whole\u2010body fat oxidation determined by graded exercise and indirect calorimetry: A role for muscle oxidative capacity? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16(3), 209\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00480.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"r35","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"498","article-title":"Body composition as a mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and bone mass during growth","volume":"52","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, I.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, I., Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, M., Garc\u00eda-Cuartero, B., Gonz\u00e1lez-Vergaz, A., Carcavilla, A., Aragon\u00e9s, \u00c1., Alegre, L.M., & Ara, I. (2020). Body composition as a mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and bone mass during growth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(2), 498\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0000000000002146"},{"issue":"7","key":"r36","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","first-page":"717","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and arm bone mineral health in young males with spinal cord injury: The mediator role of lean mass","volume":"37","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, I.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, I., Mart\u00edn-Manjarr\u00e9s, S., Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, M., Vila-Maldonado, S., Gil-Agudo, \u00c1., Alegre, L.M., & Ara, I. (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness and arm bone mineral health in young males with spinal cord injury: The mediator role of lean mass. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(7), 717\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2018.152294830319038"},{"key":"r37","series-title":"Comprehensive physiology,","first-page":"555","article-title":"Skeletal muscle adaptability: Significance for metabolism and performance","author":"Saltin, B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saltin, B., & Gollnick, P.D. (2010). Skeletal muscle adaptability: Significance for metabolism and performance. Comprehensive physiology, 555\u2013631."},{"issue":"5","key":"r38","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Muscle efficiency improves over time in world-class cyclists","volume":"41","author":"Santalla, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santalla, A., Naranjo, J., & Terrados, N. (2009). Muscle efficiency improves over time in world-class cyclists. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(5), 1096\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318191c802"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,","first-page":"31","article-title":"Skeletal muscle of trained and untrained paraplegics and tetraplegics","volume":"161","author":"Schantz, P.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schantz, P., Sj\u00f6berg, B., Widebeck, A.M., & Ekblom, B. (1997). Skeletal muscle of trained and untrained paraplegics and tetraplegics. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 161(1), 31\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1997.201371000.x9381947"},{"issue":"4","key":"r40","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,","first-page":"292","article-title":"VO2peak and the gas-exchange anaerobic threshold during incremental arm cranking in able-bodied and paraplegic men","volume":"80","author":"Schneider, D.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schneider, D.A., Sedlock, D.A., Gass, E., & Gass, G. (1999). VO2peak and the gas-exchange anaerobic threshold during incremental arm cranking in able-bodied and paraplegic men. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(4), 292\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421005059510483798"},{"issue":"14","key":"r41","series-title":"The FASEB Journal,","first-page":"2051","article-title":"Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: Relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss","volume":"13","author":"Simoneau, J.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Simoneau, J.A., Veerkamp, J.H., Turcotte, L.P., & Kelley, D.E. (1999). Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: Relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. The FASEB Journal, 13(14), 2051\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.13.14.205110544188"},{"issue":"6","key":"r42","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","first-page":"2398","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Spungen, A.M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spungen, A.M., Adkins, R.H., Stewart, C.A., Wang, J., Pierson, R.N., Jr., Waters, R.L., & Bauman, W.A. (2003). Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(6), 2398\u20132407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00729.200212909613"},{"issue":"6","key":"r43","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,","first-page":"E1076","article-title":"Impaired plasma fatty acid oxidation in extremely obese women","volume":"287","author":"Thyfault, J.P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thyfault, J.P., Kraus, R.M., Hickner, R.C., Howell, A.W., Wolfe, R.R., & Dohm, G.L. (2004). Impaired plasma fatty acid oxidation in extremely obese women. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 287(6), E1076\u2013E1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00177.200415280153"},{"issue":"20","key":"r1001","series-title":"JAMA,","first-page":"2191","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.28105324141714"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/32\/1\/article-p30.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/32\/1\/article-p30.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/32\/1\/article-p30.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:30:28Z","timestamp":1724297428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/32\/1\/article-p30.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1526-484X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2742"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}