{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:26:35Z","timestamp":1792520795869,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coingestion of ketone salts, caffeine and the amino acids, taurine, and leucine improves endurance exercise performance. However, there is no study comparing this coingestion to the same nutrients without caffeine. We assessed whether ketone salts\u2013caffeine\u2013taurine\u2013leucine (KCT) supplementation was superior to caffeine-free ketone salts\u2013taurine\u2013leucine supplementation (KT), or to an isoenergetic carbohydrate placebo (CHO-PLAC). Thirteen recreationally active men (mean \u00b1 <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>: 177.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u00a0cm, 75.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u00a0kg, 23\u2009\u00b1\u20093 years, 12.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1% body fat) completed a best effort 20-km cycling time-trial, followed 15\u00a0min later by a Wingate power cycle test, after supplementing with either KCT (approximately 7\u00a0g of beta-hydroxybutyrate, approximately 120\u00a0mg of caffeine, 2.1\u00a0g of leucine, and 2.7\u00a0g of taurine), KT (i.e.,\u00a0same supplement without caffeine), or isoenergetic CHO-PLAC (11\u00a0g of dextrose). Blood ketones were elevated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) after ingestion of both KCT (0.65\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u00a0mmol\/L) and KT (0.72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31\u00a0mmol\/L) relative to CHO-PLAC (0.06\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u00a0mmol\/L). Moreover, KCT improved (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.003) 20-km cycling time-trial performance (37.80\u2009\u00b1\u20092.28\u00a0min), compared with CHO-PLAC (39.40\u2009\u00b1\u20093.33\u00a0min) but not versus KT (38.75\u2009\u00b1\u20092.87\u00a0min; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.09). 20-km cycling time-trial average power output was greater with KCT (power output\u2009=\u2009180.5\u2009\u00b1\u200928.7\u00a0W) versus both KT (170.9\u2009\u00b1\u200931.7\u00a0W; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.049) and CHO-PLAC (164.8\u2009\u00b1\u200934.7\u00a0W; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001). Wingate peak power output was also greater for both KCT (1,134\u2009\u00b1\u2009137\u00a0W; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.031) and KT (1,132\u2009\u00b1\u2009128\u00a0W; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.039) versus CHO-PLAC (1,068\u2009\u00b1\u2009127\u00a0W). These data suggest that the observed improved exercise performance effects of this multi-ingredient supplement containing beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, taurine, and leucine are attributed partially to the addition of caffeine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T16:30:23Z","timestamp":1645806623000},"page":"238-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute Ketone Salts\u2013Caffeine\u2013Taurine\u2013Leucine Supplementation but not Ketone Salts\u2013Taurine\u2013Leucine, Improves Endurance Cycling Performance"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Manuel D.","family":"Quinones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.R.","family":"Lemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Exercise and Sport Science Review,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197400020-00006","article-title":"Perceived exertion","volume":"2","author":"Borg, G.A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Borg, G.A., & Noble, B.J. 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