{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:36:03Z","timestamp":1793637363768,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute ketone monoester (KE) supplementation can alter exercise responses, but the performance effect is unclear. The limited and equivocal data to date are likely related to factors including the KE dose, test conditions, and caliber of athletes studied. We tested the hypothesis that mean power output during a 20-min cycling time trial (TT) would be different after KE ingestion compared to a placebo (PL). A sample size of 22 was estimated to provide 80% power to detect an effect size <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> of 0.63 at an alpha level of .05 with a two-tailed paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test. This determination considered 2.0% as the minimal important difference in performance. Twenty-three trained cyclists (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923; peak oxygen uptake: 65\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u00a0ml\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u00b1\u2009<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>), who were regularly cycling &gt;5\u00a0hr\/week, completed a familiarization trial followed by two experimental trials. Participants self-selected and replicated their diet and exercise for \u223c24\u00a0hr before each trial. Participants ingested either 0.35\u00a0g\/kg body mass of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate KE or a flavor-matched PL 30\u00a0min before exercise in a randomized, triple-blind, crossover manner. Exercise involved a 15-min warm-up followed by the 20-min TT on a cycle ergometer. The only feedback provided was time elapsed. Preexercise venous [\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate] was higher after KE versus PL (2.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 vs. 0.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00a0mM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Mean TT power output was 2.4% (0.6% to 4.1%; mean [95% confidence interval]) lower after KE versus PL (255\u2009\u00b1\u200954 vs. 261\u2009\u00b1\u200954\u00a0W, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01; <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.60). The mechanistic basis for the impaired TT performance after KE ingestion under the present study conditions remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T10:12:09Z","timestamp":1682417529000},"page":"181-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Acute Ketone Monoester Supplementation Impairs 20-min Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists: A Randomized, Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7326-7705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Devin G.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Bone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0356-1201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-6505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phillippe J.M.","family":"Pinckaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-2200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Bostad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-9231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luc J.C.","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-0014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Gibala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Diets and body composition","volume":"14","author":"Aragon, A.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aragon, A.A., Schoenfeld, B.J., Wildman, R., Kleiner, S., VanDusseldorp, T., Taylor, L., Earnest, C.P., Arciero, P.J., Wilborn, C., Kalman, D.S., Stout, J.R., Willoughby, D.S., Campbell, B., Arent, S.M., Bannock, L., Smith-Ryan, A.E., & Antonio, J. 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Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: Physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. The Journal of Physiology, 595(9), 2857\u20132871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP27318527861911"},{"issue":"11","key":"r17","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"2330","article-title":"Intermittent running and cognitive performance after ketone ester ingestion","volume":"50","author":"Evans, M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans, M., & Egan, B. (2018). Intermittent running and cognitive performance after ketone ester ingestion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(11), 2330\u20132338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001700"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"r18","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","first-page":"25","article-title":"Exogenous ketone supplements in athletic contexts: Past, present, and future","volume":"52","author":"Evans, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans, M., McClure, T.S., Koutnik, A.P., & Egan, B. (2022). 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