{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:20:49Z","timestamp":1792023649034,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Micronutrient status, specifically vitamin D and iron, represent modifiable factors for optimizing military readiness. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine associations between micronutrient deficiency (i.e.,\u00a0iron status and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D]) and operationally relevant outcomes (i.e.,\u00a0skeletal health, musculoskeletal injury) at baseline and post-10\u00a0weeks of arduous military training. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> A total of 227 (177 men, 50 women) Marine Officer Candidates School (OCS) candidates who completed OCS training with complete data sets were included in this analysis. Vitamin D and iron status indicators were collected at two timepoints, pre (baseline) and post OCS. Musculoskeletal outcomes at the mid- and proximal tibial diaphysis were assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Micronutrient status declined following OCS training in men and women and was associated with musculoskeletal outcomes including greater bone strength (strength strain index) at the mid-diaphysis site in those with optimal status (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938.26\u00a0mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>SE<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915.59) versus those without (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22128.03\u00a0mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>SE<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917.27). In women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.037), endosteal circumference was greater in the deficient group (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953.26\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>SE<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.19) compared with the optimal group (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949.47\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>SE<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.31) at the proximal diaphysis. In men, greater baseline hepcidin concentrations were associated with an increased likelihood of suffering musculoskeletal injury during training. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Vitamin D and iron status declined over the course of training, suggesting impaired micronutrient status. Differences in musculoskeletal outcomes by micronutrient group suggests optimal vitamin D and ferritin concentrations may exert beneficial effects on bone fatigability and fracture reduction during military training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:37:13Z","timestamp":1724297833000},"page":"378-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Micronutrient Status During Military Training and Associations With Musculoskeletal Health, Injury, and Readiness Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9590-3621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Sekel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-8656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mita","family":"Lovalekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-3190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristen J.","family":"Koltun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-0910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Forse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-5930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bradley C.","family":"Nindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory\/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-7-38","article-title":"Vitamin D status in female military personnel during combat training","volume":"7","author":"Andersen, N.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andersen, N.E., Karl, J.P., Cable, S.J., Williams, K.W., Rood, J.C., Young, A.J., Lieberman, H.R., & McClung, J.P. 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