{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:32:37Z","timestamp":1791401557097,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effect of sodium hyperhydration on thermal and cardiovascular strain and exercise performance in unacclimatized endurance-trained females exercising in the heat and whether effects differ between menstrual cycle (MC) Phase 1 (low estrogen and progesterone) and MC Phase 4 (moderate estrogen and high progesterone). Twelve female cyclists\/triathletes completed four trials in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design. Participants consumed 30\u00a0ml\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> fat-free mass fluid with either sodium chloride (7.5\u00a0g\u00b7L<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>) or placebo (sucrose) 2\u00a0hr prior to 75\u00a0min of steady-state cycling (60% <jats:inline-formula\/>) followed by a 200-kJ time trial (TT) in 34 \u00b0C and 60% relative humidity, with both interventions completed during MC Phase 1 and Phase 4. Rectal temperature and heart rate were measured at baseline, every 5\u00a0min during steady state, every 50 kJ of TT, and TT completion. Body mass was measured every 30\u00a0min preexercise and pre and post steady state and TT to assess hydration status. Linear mixed models were fitted to estimate intervention and MC phase effect. There were no significant sodium hyperhydration or MC phase effects on rectal temperature or heart rate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Body mass increased with sodium versus placebo (0.38 [0.02, 0.74] kg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04), with a greater increase in MC Phase 4 (0.69 [0.17, 1.2] kg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). TT performance improved with sodium versus placebo (\u22121.55 [\u22122.46, \u22120.64]\u00a0min; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001), with a greater improvement in MC Phase 4 (\u22121.85 [\u22123.16, \u22120.55]\u00a0min; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.005). Sodium hyperhydration is a promising heat mitigation strategy for females undertaking prolonged exercise in the heat, especially during MC Phase 4 and when fluid access is limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T17:55:46Z","timestamp":1732643746000},"page":"99-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Change in Thermal and Cardiovascular Strain in Female Cyclists Exercising in the Heat Across the Menstrual Cycle"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-9106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilia","family":"Convit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-4337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liliana","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-4246","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien D.","family":"P\u00e9riard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3855-2540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amelia J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2414-7539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart","family":"Warmington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5030-4059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M\u00e9gane","family":"Beaugeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3754-6782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rhiannon M.J.","family":"Snipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Temperature,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1735927","article-title":"Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle","volume":"7","author":"Baker, F.C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baker, F.C., Siboza, F., & Fuller, A. 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