{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:27:22Z","timestamp":1787016442010,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gut-training has been shown to improve gastrointestinal tolerance, circulatory glucose availability, and exercise performance. The study aimed to investigate the effects of a repetitive feeding-challenge using fat versus carbohydrate (CHO) on markers of gastrointestinal function, glucose availability, and subsequent performance when challenged with a high-CHO load (87\u00a0g\/hr) during exercise. Forty-four endurance athletes (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD [9 females and 35 males]: body mass: 71.2\u2009\u00b1\u20099.2\u00a0kg, height: 173.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0\u00a0cm,\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    : 55.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u00a0ml\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) completed a preintervention gut-challenge trial (T1), involving a 2\u00a0hr run (60%\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    ) while taking a CHO gel every 20\u00a0min (87\u00a0g\/hr, 10%\n                    <jats:italic>w\/v<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), followed by a 1\u00a0hr self-paced distance test with ad libitum water. Participants were then randomized to a fat (fat feeding-challenge [FFC]; 20\u00a0g nut butter, 124\u00a0kcal, 11\u00a0g fat, 3\u00a0g protein, and 3\u00a0g CHO) or CHO supplement (CHO feeding-challenge [CFC]; 47\u00a0g CHO gel: 123\u00a0kcal, 29\u00a0g CHO) group to complete a 7-day repetitive feeding-challenge (1\u00a0hr exercise and supplement intake every 20\u00a0min with 290\u00a0ml water), followed by a gut-challenge retrial (T2). FFC did not differ from CFC in terms of resting orocecal transit time, feeding tolerance, or substrate oxidation during T1 and T2. Peak breath hydrogen was lower in FFC than CFC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.028) at T2. Total (FFC: 27%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.005 vs. CFC: 38%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.001) and upper gastrointestinal symptoms severity (FFC: 26%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.013 vs. CFC: 40%,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009.001) during exercise was reduced similarly between groups from T1 to T2. FFC covered more distance in T2 (11.51\u2009\u00b1\u20092.02 vs. 11.08\u2009\u00b1\u20092.02\u00a0km,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.013), but not significantly different to CFC (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=\u2009.<\/jats:italic>\n                    341). A repetitive feeding-challenge with fat does not enhance nor worsen gastrointestinal and fueling outcomes compared with a CHO repetitive feeding-challenge.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T14:23:59Z","timestamp":1738851839000},"page":"173-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Repetitive Feeding-Challenge With Different Nutritional Densities on Markers of Gastrointestinal Function, Substrate Oxidation, and Endurance Exercise Performance"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8288-5409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabel G.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-6325","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Biesiekierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4843-1294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-486X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo J.S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32832b20e8","article-title":"Benefits of breath hydrogen testing after lactulose administration in analysing carbohydrate malabsorption","volume":"22","author":"Bate, J.P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bate, J.P., Irving, P.M., Barrett, J.S., & Gibson, P.R. 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