{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:23:36Z","timestamp":1783607016368,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood flow in exercised skeletal muscle remains elevated postexercise, potentially playing a critical role in recovery and adaptation process. However, effective and easily implementable interventions that augment this response have yet to be identified. In this study, we investigated whether caffeine intake enhances sustained postexercise hyperemia in previously active leg in competitive long-distance runners. Ten competitive male long-distance runners participated in baseline measurements, during which cardiorespiratory responses, including leg blood flow measured by ultrasound Doppler equipment, were assessed in a supine position. Subsequently, they ingested either (a)\u00a0placebo capsules or (b)\u00a0capsules containing 6\u00a0mg\/kg caffeine in a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind, and crossover manner. They then completed 8-min high-intensity treadmill running at 98% of the average running speed of their estimated 10,000-m best time, followed by postexercise measurements assessing the same cardiorespiratory responses. Postexercise leg blood flow was elevated from baseline, and this response was 17% higher in caffeine relative to placebo condition (between-trial difference in average with [95% CI]\u2009=\u2009182 [2.33, 363]\u00a0ml\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.048, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.03). Caffeine ingestion also increased minute ventilation (2.06 [0.603, 3.53] L\/min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.011, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.17), whereas it reduced end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> partial pressure (\u22122.09 [\u22123.68, \u22120.504] mmHg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.015, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.15) postexercise relative to placebo condition. We show that preexercise 6\u00a0mg\/kg caffeine intake increases postexercise leg blood flow following high-intensity running in male competitive long-distance runners. Our results stimulate future studies to assess if caffeine-induced elevations in leg blood flow accelerates recovery and\/or adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T17:32:31Z","timestamp":1745515951000},"page":"312-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caffeine Augments Sustained Hyperemia in Previously Exercised Leg in Male Competitive Long-Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-8291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naoto","family":"Fujii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Matsutake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Ohki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-4473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Nabekura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Hiroyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-7756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nishiyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"The Journal of Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018478","article-title":"Substrates for muscle glycogen synthesis in recovery from intense exercise in man","volume":"434","author":"Bangsbo, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bangsbo, J., Gollnick, P.D., Graham, T.E., & Saltin, B. (1991). Substrates for muscle glycogen synthesis in recovery from intense exercise in man. The Journal of Physiology, 434, 423\u2013440. 10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018478"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2","series-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1998.0331e.x","article-title":"Muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake in recovery from exercise","volume":"162","author":"Bangsbo, J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bangsbo, J., & Hellsten, Y. (1998). Muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake in recovery from exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 162(3), 305\u2013312. 10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1998.0331e.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r3","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31823a40ef","article-title":"Impact of caffeine and protein on postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis","volume":"44","author":"Beelen, M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beelen, M., Kranenburg, J., Senden, J.M., Kuipers, H., & Loon, L.J. (2012). Impact of caffeine and protein on postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(4), 692\u2013700. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31823a40ef"},{"issue":"5","key":"r4","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","first-page":"377","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg, G.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg, G.A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14(5), 377\u2013381."},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0779","article-title":"Relationship between blood flow and performance recovery: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Borne, R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borne, R., Hausswirth, C., & Bieuzen, F. (2017). Relationship between blood flow and performance recovery: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Sports Physiology Performance, 12(2), 152\u2013160. 10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0779"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314554867","article-title":"Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise","volume":"22","author":"Bunsawat, K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bunsawat, K., White, D.W., Kappus, R.M., & Baynard, T. (2015). Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 22(11), 1473\u20131479. 10.1177\/2047487314554867"},{"issue":"6","key":"r7","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181667421","article-title":"Caffeine stimulates ventilation in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia","volume":"40","author":"Chapman, R.F.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapman, R.F., & Stager, J.M. (2008). Caffeine stimulates ventilation in athletes with exercise-induced hypoxemia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(6), 1080\u20131086. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181667421"},{"issue":"6","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01346.2009","article-title":"Pulmonary O2 uptake and leg blood flow kinetics during moderate exercise are slowed by hyperventilation-induced hypocapnic alkalosis","volume":"108","author":"Chin, L.M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chin, L.M., Heigenhauser, G.J., Paterson, D.H., & Kowalchuk, J.M. (2010). Pulmonary O2 uptake and leg blood flow kinetics during moderate exercise are slowed by hyperventilation-induced hypocapnic alkalosis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(6), 1641\u20131650. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01346.2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003292","article-title":"Caffeine improves simulated 800-m run performance without affecting severe exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia","volume":"56","author":"Dobashi, K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dobashi, K., Fukazawa, Y., Katagiri, A., Enomoto, Y., Nishiyasu, T., & Fujii, N. (2023). Caffeine improves simulated 800-m run performance without affecting severe exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 56(2), 350\u2013361. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003292"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.5.1428","article-title":"Antagonism by theophylline of respiratory inhibition induced by adenosine","volume":"59","author":"Eldridge, F.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Eldridge, F.L., Millhorn, D.E., & Kiley, J.P. (1985). Antagonism by theophylline of respiratory inhibition induced by adenosine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(5), 1428\u20131433. 10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.5.1428"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00689.2019","article-title":"Effect of histamine-receptor antagonism on leg blood flow during exercise","volume":"128","author":"Ely, M.R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ely, M.R., Ratchford, S.M., La Salle, D.T., Trinity, J.D., Wray, D.W., & Halliwill, J.R. (2020). Effect of histamine-receptor antagonism on leg blood flow during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(6), 1626\u20131634. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00689.2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"r12","series-title":"Experimental Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.056150","article-title":"Histamine-receptor blockade reduces blood flow but not muscle glucose uptake during postexercise recovery in humans","volume":"96","author":"Emhoff, C.A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Emhoff, C.A., Barrett-O\u2019Keefe, Z., Padgett, R.C., Hawn, J.A., & Halliwill, J.R. (2011). Histamine-receptor blockade reduces blood flow but not muscle glucose uptake during postexercise recovery in humans. Experimental Physiology, 96(7), 664\u2013673. 10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.056150"},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002537","article-title":"Caffeine exacerbates hyperventilation and reductions in cerebral blood flow in physically fit men exercising in the heat","volume":"53","author":"Fujii, N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fujii, N., Fujimoto, T., Yinhang, C., Dobashi, K., Matsutake, R., Amano, T., Watanabe, K., & Nishiyasu, T. (2021). Caffeine exacerbates hyperventilation and reductions in cerebral blood flow in physically fit men exercising in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(4), 845\u2013852. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002537"},{"issue":"8","key":"r14","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05463-w","article-title":"Menthol alleviates post-race elevations in muscle soreness and metabolic and respiratory stress during running","volume":"124","author":"Fujii, N.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fujii, N., Igarashi, Y., Ishii, Y., Ito, E., Lai, Y.F., Tanabe, Y., Fujimoto, T., Ogawa, K., Nabekura, Y., Hiroyama, T., & Nishiyasu, T. (2024). Menthol alleviates post-race elevations in muscle soreness and metabolic and respiratory stress during running. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(8), 2473\u20132487. 10.1007\/s00421-024-05463-w"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101764","article-title":"The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Gardiner, C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gardiner, C., Weakley, J., Burke, L.M., Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Maniar, N., Townshend, A., & Halson, S.L. (2023). The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, Article 101764. 10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101764"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2022.2096415","article-title":"Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes","volume":"19","author":"Giraldez-Costas, V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giraldez-Costas, V., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Gonzalez-Garcia, J., Del Coso, J., & Salinero, J.J. (2022). Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 366\u2013380. 10.1080\/15502783.2022.2096415"},{"issue":"1","key":"r17","series-title":"Scientific Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14540-4","article-title":"Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: A crossover study","volume":"7","author":"Gonzaga, L.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzaga, L.A., Vanderlei, L.C.M., Gomes, R.L., & Valenti, V.E. (2017). Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: A crossover study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 14091. 10.1038\/s41598-017-14540-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.3.867","article-title":"Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine","volume":"78","author":"Graham, T.E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1995). Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(3), 867\u2013874. 10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.3.867"},{"issue":"3","key":"r19","series-title":"Experimental Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058826","article-title":"Vascular adaptation in athletes: Is there an \u2018athlete\u2019s artery\u2019?","volume":"97","author":"Green, D.J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Green, D.J., Spence, A., Rowley, N., Thijssen, D.H., & Naylor, L.H. (2012). Vascular adaptation in athletes: Is there an \u2018athlete\u2019s artery\u2019? Experimental Physiology, 97(3), 295\u2013304. 10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058826"},{"issue":"2","key":"r20","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04521-3","article-title":"Caffeine ingestion alters central hemodynamics following aerobic exercise in middle-aged men","volume":"121","author":"Harber, M.P.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harber, M.P., McCurry, A., Carlini, N., Kistler, B., & Fleenor, B.S. (2021). Caffeine ingestion alters central hemodynamics following aerobic exercise in middle-aged men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(2), 435\u2013443. 10.1007\/s00421-020-04521-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Circulation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.1.6","article-title":"Adenosine concentrations in the interstitium of resting and contracting human skeletal muscle","volume":"98","author":"Hellsten, Y.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hellsten, Y., Maclean, D., Radegran, G., Saltin, B., & Bangsbo, J. (1998). Adenosine concentrations in the interstitium of resting and contracting human skeletal muscle. Circulation, 98(1), 6\u20138. 10.1161\/01.cir.98.1.6"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00172.2021","article-title":"Caffeine alters thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat only in caffeine-habituated individuals: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Hunt, L.A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hunt, L.A., Hospers, L., Smallcombe, J.W., Mavros, Y., & Jay, O. (2021). Caffeine alters thermoregulatory responses to exercise in the heat only in caffeine-habituated individuals: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(4), 1300\u20131310. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00172.2021"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00063.2015","article-title":"Increasing blood flow to exercising muscle attenuates systemic cardiovascular responses during dynamic exercise in humans","volume":"309","author":"Ichinose, M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ichinose, M., Ichinose, T.K., Kondo, N., & Nishiyasu, T. (2015). Increasing blood flow to exercising muscle attenuates systemic cardiovascular responses during dynamic exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology\u2014Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 309, 1234\u20131242. 10.1152\/ajpregu.00063.2015"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"r24","series-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.10.060","article-title":"Histamine-induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the mesenteric resistance artery of the rat","volume":"529","author":"Jin, H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jin, H., Koyama, T., Hatanaka, Y., Akiyama, S., Takayama, F., & Kawasaki, H. (2006). Histamine-induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the mesenteric resistance artery of the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 529(1\u20133), 136\u2013144. 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.10.060"},{"issue":"6","key":"r25","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.6.1296","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of hypocapnic alkalosis on limb blood vessels in man and dog","volume":"223","author":"Kontos, H.A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kontos, H.A., Richardson, D.W., Raper, A.J., Zubair, H., & Patterson, J.L., Jr. (1972). Mechanisms of action of hypocapnic alkalosis on limb blood vessels in man and dog. American Journal of Physiology, 223(6), 1296\u20131307. 10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.6.1296"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3182919591","article-title":"Adenosine A1 receptors link to smooth muscle contraction via CYP4a, protein kinase C-alpha, and ERK1\/2","volume":"62","author":"Kunduri, S.S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kunduri, S.S., Mustafa, S.J., Ponnoth, D.S., Dick, G.M., & Nayeem, M.A. (2013). Adenosine A1 receptors link to smooth muscle contraction via CYP4a, protein kinase C-alpha, and ERK1\/2. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 62(1), 78\u201383. 10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3182919591"},{"issue":"10","key":"r27","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103335","article-title":"Coffee increases post-exercise muscle glycogen recovery in endurance athletes: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Loureiro, L.M.R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loureiro, L.M.R., Dos Santos Neto, E., Molina, G.E., Amato, A.A., Arruda, S.F., Reis, C.E.G., & da Costa, T.H.M. (2021). Coffee increases post-exercise muscle glycogen recovery in endurance athletes: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 13(10), Article 335. 10.3390\/nu13103335"},{"issue":"3","key":"r28","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0342","article-title":"Effects of coffee components on muscle glycogen recovery: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Loureiro, L.M.R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loureiro, L.M.R., Reis, C.E.G., & da Costa, T.H.M. (2018). Effects of coffee components on muscle glycogen recovery: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition Exercise Metabolism, 28(3), 284\u2013293. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0342"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.03.005","article-title":"Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women","volume":"83","author":"Lovallo, W.R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lovallo, W.R., Farag, N.H., Vincent, A.S., Thomas, T.L., & Wilson, M.F. (2006). Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 83(3), 441\u2013447. 10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.03.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00441.2006","article-title":"H1 and H2 receptors mediate postexercise hyperemia in sedentary and endurance exercise-trained men and women","volume":"101","author":"McCord, J.L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCord, J.L., & Halliwill, J.R. (2006). H1 and H2 receptors mediate postexercise hyperemia in sedentary and endurance exercise-trained men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(6), 1693\u20131701. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00441.2006"},{"issue":"9","key":"r31","series-title":"Ergonomics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708966021","article-title":"The role of naps in alleviating sleepiness during an irregular sleep-wake schedule","volume":"30","author":"Minors, D.S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Minors, D.S., & Waterhouse, J.M. (1987). The role of naps in alleviating sleepiness during an irregular sleep-wake schedule. Ergonomics, 30(9), 1261\u20131273. 10.1080\/00140138708966021"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01028.2010","article-title":"Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation","volume":"111","author":"Mohr, M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohr, M., Nielsen, J.J., & Bangsbo, J. (2011). Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(5), 1372\u20131379. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01028.2010"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Journal of Thermal Biology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102698","article-title":"Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments","volume":"93","author":"Nakamura, D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakamura, D., Tanabe, Y., Arimitsu, T., Hasegawa, H., & Takahashi, H. (2020). Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments. Journal of Thermal Biology, 93, Article 102698. 10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102698"},{"issue":"10","key":"r34","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C939","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00206.2014","article-title":"Phosphate and acidosis act synergistically to depress peak power in rat muscle fibers","volume":"307","author":"Nelson, C.R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelson, C.R., Debold, E.P., & Fitts, R.H. (2014). Phosphate and acidosis act synergistically to depress peak power in rat muscle fibers. American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology, 307(10), C939\u2013C950. 10.1152\/ajpcell.00206.2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Heart and Circulatory Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H864","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00413.2011","article-title":"Relationships between the extent of apnea-induced bradycardia and the vascular response in the arm and leg during dynamic two-legged knee extension exercise","volume":"302","author":"Nishiyasu, T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nishiyasu, T., Tsukamoto, R., Kawai, K., Hayashi, K., Koga, S., & Ichinose, M. (2012). Relationships between the extent of apnea-induced bradycardia and the vascular response in the arm and leg during dynamic two-legged knee extension exercise. American Journal of Physiology\u2014Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 302(3), H864\u2013H871. 10.1152\/ajpheart.00413.2011"},{"issue":"4798","key":"r36","series-title":"Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3563496","article-title":"It is diprotonated inorganic phosphate that depresses force in skinned skeletal muscle fibers","volume":"236","author":"Nosek, T.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nosek, T.M., Fender, K.Y., & Godt, R.E. (1987). It is diprotonated inorganic phosphate that depresses force in skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Science, 236(4798), 191\u2013193. 10.1126\/science.3563496"},{"issue":"2","key":"r37","series-title":"American Journal of Hypertension,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.07.022","article-title":"Caffeine attenuates early post-exercise hypotension in middle-aged subjects","volume":"19","author":"Notarius, C.F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Notarius, C.F., Morris, B.L., & Floras, J.S. (2006). Caffeine attenuates early post-exercise hypotension in middle-aged subjects. American Journal of Hypertension, 19(2), 184\u2013188. 10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.07.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"Scientific Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21029-2","article-title":"Compression-induced improvements in post-exercise recovery are associated with enhanced blood flow, and are not due to the placebo effect","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Riordan, S.F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan, S.F., Bishop, D.J., Halson, S.L., & Broatch, J.R. (2022). Compression-induced improvements in post-exercise recovery are associated with enhanced blood flow, and are not due to the placebo effect. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 16762. 10.1038\/s41598-022-21029-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r39","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01121.2007","article-title":"High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine","volume":"105","author":"Pedersen, D.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pedersen, D.J., Lessard, S.J., Coffey, V.G., Churchley, E.G., Wootton, A.M., Ng, T., Watt, M.A., & Hawley, J.A. (2008). High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(1), 7\u201313. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01121.2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"r40","series-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-055","article-title":"Local histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade reduces postexercise skeletal muscle interstitial glucose concentrations in humans","volume":"35","author":"Pellinger, T.K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pellinger, T.K., Simmons, G.H., Maclean, D.A., & Halliwill, J.R. (2010). Local histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade reduces postexercise skeletal muscle interstitial glucose concentrations in humans. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(5), 617\u2013626. 10.1139\/H10-055"},{"issue":"3","key":"r41","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00633.2016","article-title":"Mast cell degranulation and de novo histamine formation contribute to sustained postexercise vasodilation in humans","volume":"122","author":"Romero, S.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romero, S.A., McCord, J.L., Ely, M.R., Sieck, D.C., Buck, T.M., Luttrell, M.J., MacLean, D.A., & Halliwill, J.R. (2017). Mast cell degranulation and de novo histamine formation contribute to sustained postexercise vasodilation in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 603\u2013610. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00633.2016"},{"key":"r42","series-title":"Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods,","article-title":"New effect size rules of thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky, S.S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawilowsky, S.S. (2009). New effect size rules of thumb. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 8, Article 26."},{"issue":"4","key":"r43","series-title":"Circulation Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.78.4.627","article-title":"Adenosine-induced vasoconstriction in vivo. Role of the mast cell and A3 adenosine receptor","volume":"78","author":"Shepherd, R.K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shepherd, R.K., Linden, J., & Duling, B.R. (1996). Adenosine-induced vasoconstriction in vivo. Role of the mast cell and A3 adenosine receptor. Circulation Research, 78(4), 627\u2013634. 10.1161\/01.res.78.4.627"},{"issue":"4","key":"r44","series-title":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease,","first-page":"146","article-title":"Influence of different doses of coffee on post-exercise blood pressure response","volume":"6","author":"Souza, A.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Souza, A.A., Silva, R. S., Silva, T.F., Tavares, R.L., & Silva, A.S. (2016). Influence of different doses of coffee on post-exercise blood pressure response. American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, 6(4), 146\u2013152."},{"issue":"11","key":"r45","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002704","article-title":"Caffeine increases exercise performance, maximal oxygen uptake, and oxygen deficit in elite male endurance athletes","volume":"53","author":"Stadheim, H.K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stadheim, H.K., Stensrud, T., Brage, S., & Jensen, J. (2021). Caffeine increases exercise performance, maximal oxygen uptake, and oxygen deficit in elite male endurance athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(11), 2264\u20132273. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002704"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/4\/article-p312.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/4\/article-p312.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/4\/article-p312.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1749751295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/4\/article-p312.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-484X","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}