{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:49:11Z","timestamp":1791722951756,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a group, cyclists tend to have lower bone mass compared with other athletes, and nonathlete controls which may have negative consequences for fracture risk and longer term bone health. There are several cycling-specific factors that may contribute to this finding. These include, the low-impact, repetitive load nature of cycling which provides limited stimulus for bone metabolism; metabolic perturbations that occur following prolonged cycling that may lead to a transient increase in the rate of bone resorption; and nutritional factors, including low energy availability or nutrient inadequacy. Furthermore, many endurance cyclists are naturally lean and light, which may result from both genetic predisposition and long-term training adaptations. In turn, they may also have lower bone mass. None of these factors stand out as the primary cause of the low bone mass reported in cyclists but, instead, may combine to create a \u201cperfect storm\u201d to challenge cyclist bone health. Given these multiple potential challenges to bone health, a multifaceted approach may be required to combat them. On an individual level, nutritional strategies, including ensuring adequate energy, carbohydrate, protein, calcium, vitamin D, and other important micronutrients may be key to protecting cyclist bone health. Integrating brief bouts of high-impact loading within the training regimen and ensuring adequate sleep and recovery are also recommended. The onus should not remain solely on the individual, however, and cycling teams and organizational bodies have a key role to play in providing screening and educational strategies to support cyclists bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T16:22:03Z","timestamp":1765988523000},"page":"324-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Does Cycling Create a \u201cPerfect Storm\u201d for Bone Health? Cycling-Specific Challenges to Bone and Nutritional Strategies to Overcome These"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7005-0711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Saffioti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Lopes","family":"Takarabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Alves Mendon\u00e7a","family":"Perfeito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willian Jos\u00e9 Domingues","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-1388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luuk","family":"Hilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9674-1505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan-Willem","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-7601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eimear","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.415S","article-title":"Extracellular pH regulates bone cell function","volume":"138","author":"Arnett, T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arnett, T. (2008). Extracellular pH regulates bone cell function. Journal of Nutrition, 138(2), 415S\u2013418S. 10.1093\/jn\/138.2.415S"},{"issue":"8","key":"r56","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: An estimation of peak bone mass","volume":"26","author":"Baxter-Jones, A.D.G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Faulkner, R.A., Forwood, M.R., Mirwald, R.L., & Bailey, D.A. (2011). Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: An estimation of peak bone mass. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26(8), 1729\u20131739."},{"issue":"4","key":"r2","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3641","article-title":"Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: A meta-regression of published trials","volume":"34","author":"Bouxsein, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouxsein, M., Eastell, R., Lui, L., Wu, L., de Papp, A., Grauer, A., Marin, F., Cauley, J., Bauer, D., & Black, D. (2019). Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: A meta-regression of published trials. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 34(4), 632\u2013642. 10.1002\/jbmr.3641"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0255","article-title":"UCI sports nutrition project: Body composition, energy requirements and energy availability in cycling","author":"Burke, L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burke, L., Gonzalez, J.T., Areta, J., Kuikman, M., Coates, A., Bailey, D., Moran, J., & Dolan, E. (2025). UCI sports nutrition project: Body composition, energy requirements and energy availability in cycling. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0255"},{"issue":"7","key":"r4","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243616","article-title":"Bone status in professional cyclists","volume":"31","author":"Campion, F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campion, F., Nevill, A., Karlsson, M., Lounana, J., Shabani, M., Fardellone, P., & Medelli, J. (2010). Bone status in professional cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(7), 511\u2013515. 10.1055\/s-0029-1243616"},{"issue":"11","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02087-0","article-title":"The influence of nutrition intervention on the P1NP and CTX-1 response to an acute exercise bout: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Esteves, G., Takarabe, L., Perfeito, L., Keane, K., Gualano, B., Kelley, G., Burke, L., Sale, C., & Swinton, P. (2024). The influence of nutrition intervention on the P1NP and CTX-1 response to an acute exercise bout: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(11), 2889\u20132906. 10.1007\/s40279-024-02087-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01718-8","article-title":"The bone biomarker response to an acute bout of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Keane, K., Bestetti, G., Freitas, L., Gualano, B., Kohrt, W., Kelley, G., Pereira, R., Sale, C., & Swinton, P. (2022). The bone biomarker response to an acute bout of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(12), 2889\u20132908. 10.1007\/s40279-022-01718-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7","series-title":"Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000215","article-title":"The bone metabolic response to exercise and nutrition","volume":"48","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Varley, I., Ackerman, K., Pereira, R., Elliott-Sale, K., & Sale, C. (2020). The bone metabolic response to exercise and nutrition. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 48(2), 49\u201358. 10.1249\/JES.0000000000000215"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0127","article-title":"Endocrine effects of relative energy deficiency\u00a0in sport","volume":"28","author":"Elliott-Sale, K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elliott-Sale, K., Tenforde, A., Parziale, A., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. (2018). Endocrine effects of relative energy deficiency\u00a0in sport. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 335\u2013349. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0127"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799","article-title":"The effect of inflammation on bone","volume":"11","author":"Epsley, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Epsley, S., Tadros, S., Farid, A., Kargilis, D., Mehta, S., & Rajapakse, C. (2021). The effect of inflammation on bone. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, Article 511799. 10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799"},{"issue":"10","key":"r10","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4658","article-title":"Short-term carbohydrate restriction impairs bone formation at rest and during prolonged exercise to a greater degree than low energy availability","volume":"37","author":"Fensham, N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fensham, N., Heikura, I., McKay, A., Tee, N., Ackerman, K., & Burke, L. (2022). Short-term carbohydrate restriction impairs bone formation at rest and during prolonged exercise to a greater degree than low energy availability. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 37(10), 1915\u20131925. 10.1002\/jbmr.4658"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff\u2019s Law for clinicians","volume":"74","author":"Frost, H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frost, H. (2004). A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff\u2019s Law for clinicians. The Angle Orthodontist, 74(1), 3\u201315."},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine,","first-page":"69","article-title":"Bone structure and geometric properties at the radius and tibia in adolescent endurance-trained cyclists","volume":"27","author":"Gonzalez-Aguero, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Aguero, A., Olmedillas, H., Gomez-Cabello, A., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2017). Bone structure and geometric properties at the radius and tibia in adolescent endurance-trained cyclists. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(1), 69\u201377."},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0070","article-title":"Race weight: Perceptions of elite female road cyclists","volume":"10","author":"Haakonssen, E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haakonssen, E., Martin, D., Jenkins, D., & Burke, L. (2015). Race weight: Perceptions of elite female road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(3), 311\u2013317. 10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0070"},{"issue":"9","key":"r14","series-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118793392","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiology of injuries among elite cyclists in the Tour de France","volume":"6","author":"Haeberle, H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haeberle, H., Navarro, S., Power, E., Schickendantz, M., Farrow, L., & Ramkumar, P. (2018). Prevalence and epidemiology of injuries among elite cyclists in the Tour de France. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(9). 10.1177\/2325967118793392"},{"issue":"8","key":"r15","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003718","article-title":"Bone health of female elite cyclists is characterized by impaired cortical and trabecular microarchitecture","volume":"57","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Bevers, M., Wyers, C., Van Loon, L., Van den Bergh, J., & Van Dijk, J. (2025). Bone health of female elite cyclists is characterized by impaired cortical and trabecular microarchitecture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 57(8), 1755\u20131762. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003718"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01034.2020","article-title":"Fragile bones of elite cyclists: To treat or not to treat?","volume":"131","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Knuiman, P., Heijboer, M., Kempers, R., Jeukendrup, A., van Loon, J., & van Dijk, J. (2021). Fragile bones of elite cyclists: To treat or not to treat? Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(1), 26\u201328. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01034.2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003113","article-title":"Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in elite cyclists at different stages of a professional cycling career","volume":"55","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Van Schijndel, N., Weijer, V., Boerboom, M., Van der Burg, E., Peters, V., Kempers, R., Bons, J., Van Loon, L., & Van Dijk, J. (2023). Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in elite cyclists at different stages of a professional cycling career. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 55(5), 957\u2013965. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003113"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0080","article-title":"Jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation preserves bone mineral density in elite cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., van Schijndel, N., Weijer, V., Decroix, L., Bons, J., van Loon, L., & van Dijk, J. (2024). Jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation preserves bone mineral density in elite cyclists. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 34(1), 38\u201347. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0080"},{"issue":"4","key":"r19","series-title":"The Physician and Sportsmedicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2019.1607602","article-title":"Racing weight and resistance training: Perceptions and practices in trained male cyclists","volume":"47","author":"Hoon, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoon, M., Haakonssen, E., Menaspa, P., & Burke, L. (2019). Racing weight and resistance training: Perceptions and practices in trained male cyclists. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 47(4), 421\u2013426. 10.1080\/00913847.2019.1607602"},{"issue":"3","key":"r20","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01396-4","article-title":"Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high-impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: A narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Hutson, M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hutson, M., O\u2019Donnell, E., Brooke-Wavell, K., Sale, C., & Blagrove, R. (2020). Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high-impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: A narrative review. Sports Medicine, 51(3), 391\u2013403. 10.1007\/s40279-020-01396-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040410","article-title":"Dose\u2013response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women","volume":"19","author":"Ihle, R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ihle, R., & Loucks, A.B. (2004). Dose\u2013response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 19(8), 1231\u20131240. 10.1359\/JBMR.040410"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000424","article-title":"Low energy availability assessed by a sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview indicative of bone health, endocrine profile and cycling performance in competitive male cyclists","volume":"4","author":"Keay, N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keay, N., Francis, G., & Hind, K. (2018). Low energy availability assessed by a sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview indicative of bone health, endocrine profile and cycling performance in competitive male cyclists. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 4(1), Article e000424. 10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000424"},{"issue":"7","key":"r23","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4626","article-title":"Muscle and bone: An indissoluble union","volume":"37","author":"Kirk, B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirk, B., & Duque, G. (2022). Muscle and bone: An indissoluble union. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 37(7), 1211\u20131212. 10.1002\/jbmr.4626"},{"issue":"11","key":"r24","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717","article-title":"Muscle forces or gravity: What predominates mechanical loading on bone?","volume":"41","author":"Kohrt, W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kohrt, W., Barry, D.W., & Schwartz, R.S. (2009). Muscle forces or gravity: What predominates mechanical loading on bone? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(11), 2050\u20132055. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717"},{"issue":"10","key":"r25","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002017","article-title":"Dermal calcium loss is not the primary determinant of parathyroid hormone secretion during exercise","volume":"51","author":"Kohrt, W.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kohrt, W., Wolfe, P., Sherk, V., Wherry, S., Wellington, T., Melanson, E., Swanson, C., Weaver, C., & Boxer, R. (2019). Dermal calcium loss is not the primary determinant of parathyroid hormone secretion during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(10), 2117\u20132124. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002017"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200205000-00003","article-title":"Gender differences in acute mountain bike racing injuries","volume":"12","author":"Kronisch, R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kronisch, R., Pfeiffer, R., Chow, T., & Hummel, C. (2002). Gender differences in acute mountain bike racing injuries. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12(3), 158\u2013164. 10.1097\/00042752-200205000-00003"},{"issue":"10","key":"r27","series-title":"Osteoporosis International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y","article-title":"The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"LeBoff, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"LeBoff, M., Greenspan, S., Insogna, K., Lewiecki, E., Saag, K., Singer, A., & Siris, E. (2022). The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 33(10), 2049\u20132102. 10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2006.07.002","article-title":"DXA quality matters","volume":"9","author":"Lewiecki, E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewiecki, E., Binkley, N., & Petak, S. (2006). DXA quality matters. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9(4), 388\u2013392. 10.1016\/j.jocd.2006.07.002"},{"issue":"17","key":"r29","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106812","article-title":"Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mathisen, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathisen, T., Ackland, T., Burke, L., Constantini, N., Haudum, J., MacNaughton, L., Meyer, N., Mountjoy, M., Slater, G., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2023). Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1148\u20131160. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106812"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.933881","article-title":"Radial bone size and strength indices in male road cyclists, mountain bikers and controls","volume":"15","author":"McVeigh, J.A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"McVeigh, J.A., Meiring, R., Cimato, A., Micklesfield, L.K., & Oosthuyse, T. (2015). Radial bone size and strength indices in male road cyclists, mountain bikers and controls. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 332\u2013340. 10.1080\/17461391.2014.933881"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0073","article-title":"UCI sports nutrition project: Nutritional periodization: Strategies to enhance training adaptation and recovery","author":"Morton, J.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morton, J., Hearris, M., Fell, M.J., Owens, D.J., Halson, S., & Trommelen, J. (2025). UCI sports nutrition project: Nutritional periodization: Strategies to enhance training adaptation and recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0073"},{"issue":"17","key":"r32","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994","article-title":"2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mountjoy, M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K., Bailey, D., Burke, L., Constantini, N., Hackney, A., Heikura, I., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A., Stellingwerff, T., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Torstveit, M., Jacobson, A., Verhagen, E., Budgett, R., Engebretsen, L., & Erdener, U. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1073\u20131098. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994"},{"issue":"4","key":"r33","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","first-page":"345","article-title":"The male athlete triad\u2014A consensus statement from the female and male athlete triad coalition part 1: Definition and scientific basis","volume":"31","author":"Nattiv, A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nattiv, A., De Souza, M., Koltun, K., Misra, M., Kussman, A., Williams, N., Barrack, M., Kraus, E., Joy, E., & Fredericson, M. (2021). The male athlete triad\u2014A consensus statement from the female and male athlete triad coalition part 1: Definition and scientific basis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 31(4), 345\u2013353."},{"issue":"3","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Medical Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.50680","article-title":"Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health","volume":"18","author":"Ng, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, J., & Chin, K. (2021). Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health. International Journal of Medical Science, 18(3), 604\u2013614. 10.7150\/ijms.50680"},{"issue":"8","key":"r35","series-title":"Osteoporosis International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1418-z","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists","volume":"14","author":"Nichols, J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nichols, J., Palmer, J., & Levy, S. (2003). Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists. Osteoporosis International, 14(8), 644\u2013649. 10.1007\/s00198-003-1418-z"},{"issue":"3","key":"r36","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c6a116","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in male master cyclists and nonathletes","volume":"25","author":"Nichols, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nichols, J., & Rauh, M. (2011). Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in male master cyclists and nonathletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(3), 727\u2013734. 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c6a116"},{"issue":"9","key":"r37","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024841","article-title":"Bone related health status in adolescent cyclists","volume":"6","author":"Olmedillas, H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olmedillas, H., Gonzalez-Aguero, A., Moreno, L., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2011). Bone related health status in adolescent cyclists. PLoS One, 6(9), Article e24841. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0024841"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"BMC Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-168","article-title":"Cycling and bone health: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Olmedillas, H.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olmedillas, H., Gonzalez-Aquero, A., Moreno, L., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2012). Cycling and bone health: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 10(1), Article 168. 10.1186\/1741-7015-10-168"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39","series-title":"European Journal of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1498-8","article-title":"Reduced energy availability: Implications for bone health in physically active populations","volume":"57","author":"Papageorgiou, M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, M., Dolan, E., Elliott, K.J., & Craig, S. (2018). Reduced energy availability: Implications for bone health in physically active populations. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(3), 847\u2013859. 10.1007\/s00394-017-1498-8"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men","volume":"105","author":"Papageorgiou, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, M., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Parsons, A., Tang, J.C.Y., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D., & Sale, C. (2017). Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men. Bone, 105, 191\u2013199. 10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.019"},{"issue":"10","key":"r41","series-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.515","article-title":"Performance success or failure is influenced by weeks lost to injury and illness in elite Australian track and field athletes: A 5-year prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Raysmith, B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raysmith, B., & Drew, M. (2016). Performance success or failure is influenced by weeks lost to injury and illness in elite Australian track and field athletes: A 5-year prospective study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(10), 778\u2013783. 10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.515"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"r42","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01161-2","article-title":"Nutrition and athlete bone health","volume":"49","author":"Sale, C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. (2019). Nutrition and athlete bone health. Sports Medicine, 49(Suppl. 2), 139\u2013151. 10.1007\/s40279-019-01161-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43","series-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70045-7","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Mechanisms, management, and future perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Seibel, M.J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seibel, M.J., Cooper, M.S., & Zhou, H. (2013). Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Mechanisms, management, and future perspectives. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 1(1), 59\u201370. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70045-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"r44","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01643-w","article-title":"A life history perspective on athletes with low energy availability","volume":"52","author":"Shirley, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirley, M., Longman, D., Elliott-Sale, K., Hackney, A., Sale, C., & Dolan, E. (2022). A life history perspective on athletes with low energy availability. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1223\u20131234. 10.1007\/s40279-022-01643-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318185493e","article-title":"Bone density comparisons in male competitive road cyclists and untrained controls","volume":"41","author":"Smathers, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smathers, A., Bembem, M., & Bembem, D. (2009). Bone density comparisons in male competitive road cyclists and untrained controls. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(2), 290\u2013296. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318185493e"},{"issue":"5","key":"r46","series-title":"Calcified Tissue International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00736-w","article-title":"The relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"107","author":"Song, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, J., Zhang, R., Lv, L., Liang, J., Wang, W., Liu, R., & Dang, X. (2020). The relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density: A Mendelian randomization study. Calcified Tissue International, 107(5), 440\u2013445. 10.1007\/s00223-020-00736-w"},{"issue":"17","key":"r47","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106914","article-title":"Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)-by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs","volume":"57","author":"Stellingwerff, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stellingwerff, T., Mountjoy, M., McCluskey, W., Ackerman, K., Verhagen, E., & Heikura, I. (2023). Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)-by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1109\u20131121. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106914"},{"issue":"8","key":"r48","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200008000-00003","article-title":"Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists and controls","volume":"32","author":"Stewart, A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stewart, A., & Hannan, J. (2000). Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists and controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(8), 1373\u20131377. 10.1097\/00005768-200008000-00003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r49","series-title":"Current Osteoporosis Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00733-y","article-title":"Sleep disruption and bone health","volume":"20","author":"Swanson, C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swanson, C. (2022). Sleep disruption and bone health. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 20(3), 202\u2013212. 10.1007\/s11914-022-00733-y"},{"issue":"14","key":"r50","series-title":"Journal of Sports Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.889839","article-title":"Ground reaction forces and osteogenic index of the sport of cyclocross","volume":"32","author":"Tolly, B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tolly, B., Chumanov, E., & Brooks, A. (2014). Ground reaction forces and osteogenic index of the sport of cyclocross. Journal of Sports Science, 32(14), 1365\u20131373. 10.1080\/02640414.2014.889839"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00704-9","article-title":"Bone mineral density of competitive male mountain and road cyclists","volume":"30","author":"Warner, S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warner, S., Shaw, J., & Dalsky, G. (2002). Bone mineral density of competitive male mountain and road cyclists. Bone, 30(1), 281\u2013286. 10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00704-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"r52","series-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease","volume":"15","author":"Wauquier, F.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wauquier, F., Leotoing, L., Coxam, V., Guicheux, J., & Wittrant, Y. (2009). Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 15(10), 468\u2013477. 10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"r53","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818a0ec8","article-title":"Forearm and tibial bone measures of distance and sprint trained master cyclists","volume":"41","author":"Wilks, D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilks, D., Gilliver, S., & Rittweger, J. (2009). Forearm and tibial bone measures of distance and sprint trained master cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 566\u2013573. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818a0ec8"},{"issue":"2","key":"r54","series-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2023.2242417","article-title":"Bone mineral density in mountain, road cyclists and untrained controls: Exercise, diet and hormones","volume":"95","author":"Zamboni, F.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamboni, F., Ferrari, P., Cazzoletti, L., Setti, A., Bertoldo, F., Carbonare, L., Danese, E., Tardivo, S., Crisafulli, E., & Ferrari, M. (2024). Bone mineral density in mountain, road cyclists and untrained controls: Exercise, diet and hormones. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 95(2), 423\u2013430. 10.1080\/02701367.2023.2242417"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"r55","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000293","article-title":"Responses of bone turnover markers to repeated endurance running in humans under conditions of energy balance or energy restriction","volume":"83","author":"Zanker, C.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zanker, C.L., & Swaine, I.L. (2000). Responses of bone turnover markers to repeated endurance running in humans under conditions of energy balance or energy restriction. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(4\u20135), 434\u2013440. 10.1007\/s004210000293"},{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.415S","article-title":"Extracellular pH regulates bone cell function","volume":"138","author":"Arnett, T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arnett, T. (2008). Extracellular pH regulates bone cell function. Journal of Nutrition, 138(2), 415S\u2013418S. 10.1093\/jn\/138.2.415S"},{"issue":"8","key":"r56","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: An estimation of peak bone mass","volume":"26","author":"Baxter-Jones, A.D.G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Faulkner, R.A., Forwood, M.R., Mirwald, R.L., & Bailey, D.A. (2011). Bone mineral accrual from 8 to 30 years of age: An estimation of peak bone mass. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26(8), 1729\u20131739."},{"issue":"4","key":"r2","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3641","article-title":"Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: A meta-regression of published trials","volume":"34","author":"Bouxsein, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouxsein, M., Eastell, R., Lui, L., Wu, L., de Papp, A., Grauer, A., Marin, F., Cauley, J., Bauer, D., & Black, D. (2019). Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: A meta-regression of published trials. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 34(4), 632\u2013642. 10.1002\/jbmr.3641"},{"key":"r3","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0255","article-title":"UCI sports nutrition project: Body composition, energy requirements and energy availability in cycling","author":"Burke, L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burke, L., Gonzalez, J.T., Areta, J., Kuikman, M., Coates, A., Bailey, D., Moran, J., & Dolan, E. (2025). UCI sports nutrition project: Body composition, energy requirements and energy availability in cycling. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0255"},{"issue":"7","key":"r4","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243616","article-title":"Bone status in professional cyclists","volume":"31","author":"Campion, F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campion, F., Nevill, A., Karlsson, M., Lounana, J., Shabani, M., Fardellone, P., & Medelli, J. (2010). Bone status in professional cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(7), 511\u2013515. 10.1055\/s-0029-1243616"},{"issue":"11","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02087-0","article-title":"The influence of nutrition intervention on the P1NP and CTX-1 response to an acute exercise bout: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Esteves, G., Takarabe, L., Perfeito, L., Keane, K., Gualano, B., Kelley, G., Burke, L., Sale, C., & Swinton, P. (2024). The influence of nutrition intervention on the P1NP and CTX-1 response to an acute exercise bout: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(11), 2889\u20132906. 10.1007\/s40279-024-02087-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01718-8","article-title":"The bone biomarker response to an acute bout of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Dumas, A., Keane, K., Bestetti, G., Freitas, L., Gualano, B., Kohrt, W., Kelley, G., Pereira, R., Sale, C., & Swinton, P. (2022). The bone biomarker response to an acute bout of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(12), 2889\u20132908. 10.1007\/s40279-022-01718-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7","series-title":"Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000215","article-title":"The bone metabolic response to exercise and nutrition","volume":"48","author":"Dolan, E.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dolan, E., Varley, I., Ackerman, K., Pereira, R., Elliott-Sale, K., & Sale, C. (2020). The bone metabolic response to exercise and nutrition. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 48(2), 49\u201358. 10.1249\/JES.0000000000000215"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0127","article-title":"Endocrine effects of relative energy deficiency\u00a0in sport","volume":"28","author":"Elliott-Sale, K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elliott-Sale, K., Tenforde, A., Parziale, A., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. (2018). Endocrine effects of relative energy deficiency\u00a0in sport. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 335\u2013349. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0127"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799","article-title":"The effect of inflammation on bone","volume":"11","author":"Epsley, S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Epsley, S., Tadros, S., Farid, A., Kargilis, D., Mehta, S., & Rajapakse, C. (2021). The effect of inflammation on bone. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, Article 511799. 10.3389\/fphys.2020.511799"},{"issue":"10","key":"r10","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4658","article-title":"Short-term carbohydrate restriction impairs bone formation at rest and during prolonged exercise to a greater degree than low energy availability","volume":"37","author":"Fensham, N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fensham, N., Heikura, I., McKay, A., Tee, N., Ackerman, K., & Burke, L. (2022). Short-term carbohydrate restriction impairs bone formation at rest and during prolonged exercise to a greater degree than low energy availability. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 37(10), 1915\u20131925. 10.1002\/jbmr.4658"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"The Angle Orthodontist,","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff\u2019s Law for clinicians","volume":"74","author":"Frost, H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frost, H. (2004). A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff\u2019s Law for clinicians. The Angle Orthodontist, 74(1), 3\u201315."},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine,","first-page":"69","article-title":"Bone structure and geometric properties at the radius and tibia in adolescent endurance-trained cyclists","volume":"27","author":"Gonzalez-Aguero, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Aguero, A., Olmedillas, H., Gomez-Cabello, A., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2017). Bone structure and geometric properties at the radius and tibia in adolescent endurance-trained cyclists. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(1), 69\u201377."},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0070","article-title":"Race weight: Perceptions of elite female road cyclists","volume":"10","author":"Haakonssen, E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haakonssen, E., Martin, D., Jenkins, D., & Burke, L. (2015). Race weight: Perceptions of elite female road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(3), 311\u2013317. 10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0070"},{"issue":"9","key":"r14","series-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118793392","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiology of injuries among elite cyclists in the Tour de France","volume":"6","author":"Haeberle, H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haeberle, H., Navarro, S., Power, E., Schickendantz, M., Farrow, L., & Ramkumar, P. (2018). Prevalence and epidemiology of injuries among elite cyclists in the Tour de France. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(9). 10.1177\/2325967118793392"},{"issue":"8","key":"r15","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003718","article-title":"Bone health of female elite cyclists is characterized by impaired cortical and trabecular microarchitecture","volume":"57","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Bevers, M., Wyers, C., Van Loon, L., Van den Bergh, J., & Van Dijk, J. (2025). Bone health of female elite cyclists is characterized by impaired cortical and trabecular microarchitecture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 57(8), 1755\u20131762. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003718"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01034.2020","article-title":"Fragile bones of elite cyclists: To treat or not to treat?","volume":"131","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Knuiman, P., Heijboer, M., Kempers, R., Jeukendrup, A., van Loon, J., & van Dijk, J. (2021). Fragile bones of elite cyclists: To treat or not to treat? Journal of Applied Physiology, 131(1), 26\u201328. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01034.2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"r17","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003113","article-title":"Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in elite cyclists at different stages of a professional cycling career","volume":"55","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., Van Schijndel, N., Weijer, V., Boerboom, M., Van der Burg, E., Peters, V., Kempers, R., Bons, J., Van Loon, L., & Van Dijk, J. (2023). Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in elite cyclists at different stages of a professional cycling career. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 55(5), 957\u2013965. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003113"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0080","article-title":"Jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation preserves bone mineral density in elite cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Hilkens, L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hilkens, L., van Schijndel, N., Weijer, V., Decroix, L., Bons, J., van Loon, L., & van Dijk, J. (2024). Jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation preserves bone mineral density in elite cyclists. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 34(1), 38\u201347. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2023-0080"},{"issue":"4","key":"r19","series-title":"The Physician and Sportsmedicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2019.1607602","article-title":"Racing weight and resistance training: Perceptions and practices in trained male cyclists","volume":"47","author":"Hoon, M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoon, M., Haakonssen, E., Menaspa, P., & Burke, L. (2019). Racing weight and resistance training: Perceptions and practices in trained male cyclists. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 47(4), 421\u2013426. 10.1080\/00913847.2019.1607602"},{"issue":"3","key":"r20","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01396-4","article-title":"Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high-impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: A narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Hutson, M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hutson, M., O\u2019Donnell, E., Brooke-Wavell, K., Sale, C., & Blagrove, R. (2020). Effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and high-impact exercise as a potential countermeasure: A narrative review. Sports Medicine, 51(3), 391\u2013403. 10.1007\/s40279-020-01396-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040410","article-title":"Dose\u2013response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women","volume":"19","author":"Ihle, R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ihle, R., & Loucks, A.B. (2004). Dose\u2013response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 19(8), 1231\u20131240. 10.1359\/JBMR.040410"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000424","article-title":"Low energy availability assessed by a sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview indicative of bone health, endocrine profile and cycling performance in competitive male cyclists","volume":"4","author":"Keay, N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keay, N., Francis, G., & Hind, K. (2018). Low energy availability assessed by a sport-specific questionnaire and clinical interview indicative of bone health, endocrine profile and cycling performance in competitive male cyclists. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 4(1), Article e000424. 10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000424"},{"issue":"7","key":"r23","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4626","article-title":"Muscle and bone: An indissoluble union","volume":"37","author":"Kirk, B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirk, B., & Duque, G. (2022). Muscle and bone: An indissoluble union. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 37(7), 1211\u20131212. 10.1002\/jbmr.4626"},{"issue":"11","key":"r24","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717","article-title":"Muscle forces or gravity: What predominates mechanical loading on bone?","volume":"41","author":"Kohrt, W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kohrt, W., Barry, D.W., & Schwartz, R.S. (2009). Muscle forces or gravity: What predominates mechanical loading on bone? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(11), 2050\u20132055. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a8c717"},{"issue":"10","key":"r25","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002017","article-title":"Dermal calcium loss is not the primary determinant of parathyroid hormone secretion during exercise","volume":"51","author":"Kohrt, W.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kohrt, W., Wolfe, P., Sherk, V., Wherry, S., Wellington, T., Melanson, E., Swanson, C., Weaver, C., & Boxer, R. (2019). Dermal calcium loss is not the primary determinant of parathyroid hormone secretion during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(10), 2117\u20132124. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002017"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200205000-00003","article-title":"Gender differences in acute mountain bike racing injuries","volume":"12","author":"Kronisch, R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kronisch, R., Pfeiffer, R., Chow, T., & Hummel, C. (2002). Gender differences in acute mountain bike racing injuries. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12(3), 158\u2013164. 10.1097\/00042752-200205000-00003"},{"issue":"10","key":"r27","series-title":"Osteoporosis International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y","article-title":"The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"33","author":"LeBoff, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"LeBoff, M., Greenspan, S., Insogna, K., Lewiecki, E., Saag, K., Singer, A., & Siris, E. (2022). The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 33(10), 2049\u20132102. 10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2006.07.002","article-title":"DXA quality matters","volume":"9","author":"Lewiecki, E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewiecki, E., Binkley, N., & Petak, S. (2006). DXA quality matters. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 9(4), 388\u2013392. 10.1016\/j.jocd.2006.07.002"},{"issue":"17","key":"r29","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106812","article-title":"Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mathisen, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathisen, T., Ackland, T., Burke, L., Constantini, N., Haudum, J., MacNaughton, L., Meyer, N., Mountjoy, M., Slater, G., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2023). Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks: a critical review, original survey and expert opinion by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1148\u20131160. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106812"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.933881","article-title":"Radial bone size and strength indices in male road cyclists, mountain bikers and controls","volume":"15","author":"McVeigh, J.A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"McVeigh, J.A., Meiring, R., Cimato, A., Micklesfield, L.K., & Oosthuyse, T. (2015). Radial bone size and strength indices in male road cyclists, mountain bikers and controls. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 332\u2013340. 10.1080\/17461391.2014.933881"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0073","article-title":"UCI sports nutrition project: Nutritional periodization: Strategies to enhance training adaptation and recovery","author":"Morton, J.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morton, J., Hearris, M., Fell, M.J., Owens, D.J., Halson, S., & Trommelen, J. (2025). UCI sports nutrition project: Nutritional periodization: Strategies to enhance training adaptation and recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0073"},{"issue":"17","key":"r32","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994","article-title":"2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mountjoy, M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K., Bailey, D., Burke, L., Constantini, N., Hackney, A., Heikura, I., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A., Stellingwerff, T., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Torstveit, M., Jacobson, A., Verhagen, E., Budgett, R., Engebretsen, L., & Erdener, U. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1073\u20131098. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994"},{"issue":"4","key":"r33","series-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,","first-page":"345","article-title":"The male athlete triad\u2014A consensus statement from the female and male athlete triad coalition part 1: Definition and scientific basis","volume":"31","author":"Nattiv, A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nattiv, A., De Souza, M., Koltun, K., Misra, M., Kussman, A., Williams, N., Barrack, M., Kraus, E., Joy, E., & Fredericson, M. (2021). The male athlete triad\u2014A consensus statement from the female and male athlete triad coalition part 1: Definition and scientific basis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 31(4), 345\u2013353."},{"issue":"3","key":"r34","series-title":"International Journal of Medical Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.50680","article-title":"Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health","volume":"18","author":"Ng, J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng, J., & Chin, K. (2021). Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health. International Journal of Medical Science, 18(3), 604\u2013614. 10.7150\/ijms.50680"},{"issue":"8","key":"r35","series-title":"Osteoporosis International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1418-z","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists","volume":"14","author":"Nichols, J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nichols, J., Palmer, J., & Levy, S. (2003). Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists. Osteoporosis International, 14(8), 644\u2013649. 10.1007\/s00198-003-1418-z"},{"issue":"3","key":"r36","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c6a116","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in male master cyclists and nonathletes","volume":"25","author":"Nichols, J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nichols, J., & Rauh, M. (2011). Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in male master cyclists and nonathletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(3), 727\u2013734. 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c6a116"},{"issue":"9","key":"r37","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024841","article-title":"Bone related health status in adolescent cyclists","volume":"6","author":"Olmedillas, H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olmedillas, H., Gonzalez-Aguero, A., Moreno, L., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2011). Bone related health status in adolescent cyclists. PLoS One, 6(9), Article e24841. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0024841"},{"issue":"1","key":"r38","series-title":"BMC Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-168","article-title":"Cycling and bone health: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Olmedillas, H.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olmedillas, H., Gonzalez-Aquero, A., Moreno, L., Casajus, J., & Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez, G. (2012). Cycling and bone health: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 10(1), Article 168. 10.1186\/1741-7015-10-168"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39","series-title":"European Journal of Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1498-8","article-title":"Reduced energy availability: Implications for bone health in physically active populations","volume":"57","author":"Papageorgiou, M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, M., Dolan, E., Elliott, K.J., & Craig, S. (2018). Reduced energy availability: Implications for bone health in physically active populations. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(3), 847\u2013859. 10.1007\/s00394-017-1498-8"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men","volume":"105","author":"Papageorgiou, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, M., Elliott-Sale, K.J., Parsons, A., Tang, J.C.Y., Greeves, J.P., Fraser, W.D., & Sale, C. (2017). Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men. Bone, 105, 191\u2013199. 10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.019"},{"issue":"10","key":"r41","series-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.515","article-title":"Performance success or failure is influenced by weeks lost to injury and illness in elite Australian track and field athletes: A 5-year prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Raysmith, B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raysmith, B., & Drew, M. (2016). Performance success or failure is influenced by weeks lost to injury and illness in elite Australian track and field athletes: A 5-year prospective study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(10), 778\u2013783. 10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.515"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"r42","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01161-2","article-title":"Nutrition and athlete bone health","volume":"49","author":"Sale, C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. (2019). Nutrition and athlete bone health. Sports Medicine, 49(Suppl. 2), 139\u2013151. 10.1007\/s40279-019-01161-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43","series-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70045-7","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Mechanisms, management, and future perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Seibel, M.J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seibel, M.J., Cooper, M.S., & Zhou, H. (2013). Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Mechanisms, management, and future perspectives. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 1(1), 59\u201370. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70045-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"r44","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01643-w","article-title":"A life history perspective on athletes with low energy availability","volume":"52","author":"Shirley, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirley, M., Longman, D., Elliott-Sale, K., Hackney, A., Sale, C., & Dolan, E. (2022). A life history perspective on athletes with low energy availability. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1223\u20131234. 10.1007\/s40279-022-01643-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318185493e","article-title":"Bone density comparisons in male competitive road cyclists and untrained controls","volume":"41","author":"Smathers, A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smathers, A., Bembem, M., & Bembem, D. (2009). Bone density comparisons in male competitive road cyclists and untrained controls. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(2), 290\u2013296. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318185493e"},{"issue":"5","key":"r46","series-title":"Calcified Tissue International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00736-w","article-title":"The relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"107","author":"Song, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, J., Zhang, R., Lv, L., Liang, J., Wang, W., Liu, R., & Dang, X. (2020). The relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density: A Mendelian randomization study. Calcified Tissue International, 107(5), 440\u2013445. 10.1007\/s00223-020-00736-w"},{"issue":"17","key":"r47","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106914","article-title":"Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)-by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs","volume":"57","author":"Stellingwerff, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stellingwerff, T., Mountjoy, M., McCluskey, W., Ackerman, K., Verhagen, E., & Heikura, I. (2023). Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)-by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(17), 1109\u20131121. 10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106914"},{"issue":"8","key":"r48","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200008000-00003","article-title":"Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists and controls","volume":"32","author":"Stewart, A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stewart, A., & Hannan, J. (2000). Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists and controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(8), 1373\u20131377. 10.1097\/00005768-200008000-00003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r49","series-title":"Current Osteoporosis Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00733-y","article-title":"Sleep disruption and bone health","volume":"20","author":"Swanson, C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swanson, C. (2022). Sleep disruption and bone health. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 20(3), 202\u2013212. 10.1007\/s11914-022-00733-y"},{"issue":"14","key":"r50","series-title":"Journal of Sports Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.889839","article-title":"Ground reaction forces and osteogenic index of the sport of cyclocross","volume":"32","author":"Tolly, B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tolly, B., Chumanov, E., & Brooks, A. (2014). Ground reaction forces and osteogenic index of the sport of cyclocross. Journal of Sports Science, 32(14), 1365\u20131373. 10.1080\/02640414.2014.889839"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00704-9","article-title":"Bone mineral density of competitive male mountain and road cyclists","volume":"30","author":"Warner, S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warner, S., Shaw, J., & Dalsky, G. (2002). Bone mineral density of competitive male mountain and road cyclists. Bone, 30(1), 281\u2013286. 10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00704-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"r52","series-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease","volume":"15","author":"Wauquier, F.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wauquier, F., Leotoing, L., Coxam, V., Guicheux, J., & Wittrant, Y. (2009). Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 15(10), 468\u2013477. 10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"r53","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818a0ec8","article-title":"Forearm and tibial bone measures of distance and sprint trained master cyclists","volume":"41","author":"Wilks, D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilks, D., Gilliver, S., & Rittweger, J. (2009). Forearm and tibial bone measures of distance and sprint trained master cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 566\u2013573. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818a0ec8"},{"issue":"2","key":"r54","series-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2023.2242417","article-title":"Bone mineral density in mountain, road cyclists and untrained controls: Exercise, diet and hormones","volume":"95","author":"Zamboni, F.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamboni, F., Ferrari, P., Cazzoletti, L., Setti, A., Bertoldo, F., Carbonare, L., Danese, E., Tardivo, S., Crisafulli, E., & Ferrari, M. (2024). Bone mineral density in mountain, road cyclists and untrained controls: Exercise, diet and hormones. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 95(2), 423\u2013430. 10.1080\/02701367.2023.2242417"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"r55","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000293","article-title":"Responses of bone turnover markers to repeated endurance running in humans under conditions of energy balance or energy restriction","volume":"83","author":"Zanker, C.L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zanker, C.L., & Swaine, I.L. (2000). Responses of bone turnover markers to repeated endurance running in humans under conditions of energy balance or energy restriction. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(4\u20135), 434\u2013440. 10.1007\/s004210000293"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/36\/3\/article-p324.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/36\/3\/article-p324.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/36\/3\/article-p324.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:05:40Z","timestamp":1777914340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/36\/3\/article-p324.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-484X","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}