{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:02:22Z","timestamp":1781128942314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Oral magnesium supplementation can reduce muscle soreness and muscle damage markers after unaccustomed exercise. However, the effectiveness of topical magnesium applications remains unclear. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-design study investigated whether a commercial magnesium gel could reduce the perception of muscle soreness and muscle damage markers following an acute bout of unaccustomed exercise. Healthy active participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200935) performed a 40-min bout of downhill treadmill running. Magnesium (Mg) or placebo (Pla) gels were administered to each thigh 10\u00a0min before and immediately after exercise. Measurements were made before (Pre) and immediately (Post), 24\u00a0hr, and 48\u00a0hr after exercise. The primary outcome was muscle soreness using a 0\u2013100 visual analog scale after a sit-to-stand maneuver. Secondary outcomes included peak isometric knee extensor strength, plasma creatine kinase, and serum interleukin-6. There were no differences between treatments on any outcome. Compared with Pre (Mg: 4\u2009\u00b1\u20095, Pla: 4\u2009\u00b1\u20095 a.u.), muscle soreness was higher post (Mg: 28\u2009\u00b1\u200920, Pla: 21\u2009\u00b1\u200914) and after 24\u00a0hr (Mg: 43\u2009\u00b1\u200927, Pla: 41\u2009\u00b1\u200926) and 48\u00a0hr (Mg: 42\u2009\u00b1\u200931, Pla: 32\u2009\u00b1\u200923) (all main effects,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Interleukin-6 was higher Post (Mg: 1.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7, Pla: 1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 pg\/ml) versus Pre (Mg: 1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8, Pla: 1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6; main effect,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.006), and creatine kinase was higher Post (Mg: 111\u2009\u00b1\u200957, Pla: 121\u2009\u00b1\u200944\u00a0U\/L), 24\u00a0hr (Mg: 216\u2009\u00b1\u2009113, Pla: 228\u2009\u00b1\u200997), and 48\u00a0hr (Mg: 136\u2009\u00b1\u200945, Pla: 179\u2009\u00b1\u200985) versus Pre (Mg: 93\u2009\u00b1\u200954, Pla: 91\u2009\u00b1\u200930; all main effects,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Knee extensor strength was reduced after exercise (main effect,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.04). The Mg gel did not reduce muscle soreness or muscle damage markers after unaccustomed exercise compared with Pla. The dose (0.53\u00a0mg\/ml) or application protocol may have been insufficient to elicit a meaningful effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T11:08:37Z","timestamp":1749812917000},"page":"416-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["No Effect of Topical Application of a Commercial Magnesium Gel on Exercise Recovery in Active Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-3085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Coates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhriti V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-2425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emileigh R.","family":"Binet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-0014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Gibala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/20024091054247","article-title":"Magnesium and exercise","volume":"42","author":"Bohl, C.H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bohl, C.H., & Volpe, S.L. (2002). Magnesium and exercise. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 42(6), 533\u2013563. 10.1080\/20024091054247"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Medicine Exercise Nutrition and Health,","first-page":"230","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on exercise time to exhaustion","volume":"4","author":"Brilla, L.R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brilla, L.R., & Gunther, K.B. (1995). Effect of magnesium supplementation on exercise time to exhaustion. Medicine Exercise Nutrition and Health, 4, 230\u2013233."},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.003","article-title":"Arterial stiffness results from eccentrically biased downhill running exercise","volume":"18","author":"Burr, J.F.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burr, J.F., Boulter, M., & Beck, K. (2015). Arterial stiffness results from eccentrically biased downhill running exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(2), 230\u2013235. 10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.710","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running","volume":"59","author":"Byrnes, W.C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Byrnes, W.C., Clarkson, P.M., White, J.S., Hsieh, S.S., Frykman, P.N., & Maughan, R.J. (1985). Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(3), 710\u2013715. 10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.710"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085486","article-title":"Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise","volume":"9","author":"Chen, H.Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, H.Y., Cheng, F.C., Pan, H.C., Hsu, J.C., & Wang, M.F. (2014). Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS One, 9(1), Article e85486. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0085486"},{"issue":"8","key":"r6","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081927","article-title":"Impact of magnesium supplementation in muscle damage of professional cyclists competing in a stage race","volume":"11","author":"C\u00f3rdova, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdova, A., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Fernandez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Roche, E., & Caballero-Garc\u00eda, A. (2019). Impact of magnesium supplementation in muscle damage of professional cyclists competing in a stage race. Nutrients, 11(8), Article 1927. 10.3390\/nu11081927"},{"issue":"6","key":"r7","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3","article-title":"Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults","volume":"2015","author":"Derry, S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Derry, S., Moore, R.A., Gaskell, H., Mcintyre, M., & Wiffen, P.J. (2015). Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(6), Article CD007402. 10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Medical Biochemistry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2016-0021","article-title":"ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation","volume":"35","author":"Dmitra\u0161inovi\u0107, G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dmitra\u0161inovi\u0107, G., Pe\u0161i\u0107, V., Stani\u0107, D., Ple\u0107a\u0161-Solarovi\u0107, B., Dajak, M., & Ignjatovi\u0107, S. (2016). ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 35(4), 375\u2013384. 10.1515\/jomb-2016-0021"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.419","article-title":"Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study","volume":"84","author":"Dominguez, L.J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Barbagallo, M., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Bos, A., Corsi, A.M., Simonsick, E.M., & Ferrucci, L. (2006). Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2), 419\u2013426. 10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.419"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8","article-title":"Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women","volume":"51","author":"Elliott-Sale, K.J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott-Sale, K.J., Minahan, C.L., de Jonge, X.A.K.J., Ackerman, K.E., Sipil\u00e4, S., Constantini, N.W., Lebrun, C.M., & Hackney, A.C. (2021). Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 843\u2013861. 10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"r11","series-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f2863","article-title":"Effects of MagPro on muscle performance","volume":"26","author":"Gulick, D.T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gulick, D.T., Agarwal, M., Josephs, J., Reinmiller, A., & Zimmerman, B. (2012). Effects of MagPro on muscle performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2478\u20132483. 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f2863"},{"issue":"22","key":"r12","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228452","article-title":"Antioxidants and exercise performance: With a focus on vitamin E and C supplementation","volume":"17","author":"Higgins, M.R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higgins, M.R., Izadi, A., & Kaviani, M. (2020). Antioxidants and exercise performance: With a focus on vitamin E and C supplementation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), Article 8452. 10.3390\/ijerph17228452"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Clinical Kidney Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","article-title":"Magnesium basics","volume":"5","author":"Jahnen-Dechent, W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent, W., & Ketteler, M. (2012). Magnesium basics. Clinical Kidney Journal, 5, i3\u2013i14. 10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174817","article-title":"Effect of transdermal magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Kass, L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kass, L., Rosanoff, A., Tanner, A., Sullivan, K., McAuley, W., & Plesset, M. (2017). Effect of transdermal magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study. PLoS One, 12(4), Article e0174817. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0174817"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0081-z","article-title":"The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults","volume":"12","author":"Kass, L.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kass, L.S., & Poeira, F. (2015). The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), Article 19. 10.1186\/s12970-015-0081-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2013.848967","article-title":"Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment","volume":"21","author":"Lau, W.Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lau, W.Y., Muthalib, M., & Nosaka, K. (2013). Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 21(4), 320\u2013326. 10.3109\/10582452.2013.848967"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115886","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation enhances mTOR signalling to facilitate myogenic differentiation and improve aged muscle performance","volume":"146","author":"Liu, Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Fu, R., Zhou, T., Long, C., He, T., Yang, D., Li, Z., & Peng, S. (2021). Magnesium supplementation enhances mTOR signalling to facilitate myogenic differentiation and improve aged muscle performance. Bone, 146, Article 115886. 10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115886"},{"issue":"7","key":"r18","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0345","article-title":"Topical sodium bicarbonate: No improvement in blood buffering capacity or exercise performance","volume":"15","author":"McKay, A.K.A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKay, A.K.A., Peeling, P., Binnie, M.J., Goods, P.S.R., Sim, M., Cross, R., & Siegler, J. (2020). Topical sodium bicarbonate: No improvement in blood buffering capacity or exercise performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 1005\u20131011. 10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0345"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Medicina Sportiva,","first-page":"2482","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation in top athletes-effects and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Nica, A.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nica, A.S., Caramoci, A., Vasilescu, M., Ionescu, A.M., Paduraru, D., & Mazilu, V. (2015). Magnesium supplementation in top athletes-effects and recommendations. Medicina Sportiva, 11(1), 2482\u20132494."},{"key":"r20","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol cream on soreness and performance after exercise in untrained individuals","author":"Pastina, J.T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pastina, J.T. (2023). The effects of cannabidiol cream on soreness and performance after exercise in untrained individuals [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Kentucky. https:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/khp_etds\/105"},{"issue":"3","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016","article-title":"Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise","volume":"122","author":"Peake, J.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peake, J.M., Neubauer, O., Gatta, P.A.D., & Nosaka, K. (2017). Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 559\u2013570. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.829126","article-title":"The effects of topical Arnica on performance, pain and muscle damage after intense eccentric exercise","volume":"14","author":"Pumpa, K.L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pumpa, K.L., Fallon, K.E., Bensoussan, A., & Papalia, S. (2014). The effects of topical Arnica on performance, pain and muscle damage after intense eccentric exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(3), 294\u2013300. 10.1080\/17461391.2013.829126"},{"issue":"10","key":"r23","series-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0467","article-title":"Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18-64\u00a0years and adults aged 65\u00a0years or older: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep","volume":"45","author":"Ross, R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross, R., Chaput, J.P., Giangregorio, L.M., Janssen, I., Saunders, T.J., Kho, M.E., Poitras, V.J., Tomasone, J.R., El-Kotob, R., McLaughlin, E.C., Duggan, M., Carrier, J., Carson, V., Chastin, S.F., Latimer-Cheung, A.E., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Faulkner, G., Flood, S.M., Gazendam, M.K., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2020). Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18-64\u00a0years and adults aged 65\u00a0years or older: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45(10), S57\u2013S102. 10.1139\/apnm-2020-0467"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.828847","article-title":"Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: Effects of magnesium supplementation","volume":"32","author":"Setaro, L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Setaro, L., Santos-Silva, P.R., Nakano, E.Y., Sales, C.H., Nunes, N., Greve, J.M., & Colli, C. (2014). Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: Effects of magnesium supplementation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(5), 438\u2013445. 10.1080\/02640414.2013.828847"},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","series-title":"Journal of Exercise Physiology Online,","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of lactigo\u2122 topical gel as an ergogenic aid","volume":"19","author":"Sharpe, T.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharpe, T.M., & Macias, C.J. (2016). Evaluation of the efficacy of lactigo\u2122 topical gel as an ergogenic aid. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 19(3), 15\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"r26","series-title":"Magnesium Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0279","article-title":"Submaximal exercise intensities do not provoke variations in plasma magnesium concentration in well-trained euhydrated endurance athletes with no magnesium deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Soria, M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soria, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Haro, C., L\u00f3pez-Col\u00f3n, J.L., Llorente, M.T., & Escanero, J.F. (2011). Submaximal exercise intensities do not provoke variations in plasma magnesium concentration in well-trained euhydrated endurance athletes with no magnesium deficiency. Magnesium Research, 24(2), 36\u201344. 10.1684\/mrh.2011.0279"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"r27","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04238-y","article-title":"One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running","volume":"119","author":"Steward, C.J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steward, C.J., Zhou, Y., Keane, G., Cook, M.D., Liu, Y., & Cullen, T. (2019). One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(11\u201312), 2617\u20132627. 10.1007\/s00421-019-04238-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"BioPsychoSocial Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-019-0159-y","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia induced by magnesium overuse: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Sugimoto, H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sugimoto, H., & Yamada, U. (2019). Iron deficiency anemia induced by magnesium overuse: A case report. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 13(1), Article 18. 10.1186\/s13030-019-0159-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Current Sports Medicine Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000178","article-title":"Magnesium and the athlete","volume":"14","author":"Volpe, S.L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volpe, S.L. (2015). Magnesium and the athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(4), 279\u2013283. 10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000178"},{"issue":"11","key":"r30","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111189","article-title":"Dietary magnesium may be protective for aging of bone and skeletal muscle in middle and younger older age men and women: Cross-sectional findings from the UK biobank cohort","volume":"9","author":"Welch, A.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Welch, A.A., Skinner, J., & Hickson, M. (2017). Dietary magnesium may be protective for aging of bone and skeletal muscle in middle and younger older age men and women: Cross-sectional findings from the UK biobank cohort. Nutrients, 9(11), Article 1189. 10.3390\/nu9111189"},{"issue":"9","key":"r31","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003730","article-title":"Repeated application of a novel creatine cream improves muscular peak and average power in male subjects","volume":"34","author":"Whinton, A.K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whinton, A.K., Donahoe, K., Gao, R., Thompson, K.M.A., Aubry, R., Saunders, T.J., Johnston, A., Chilibeck, P.D., & Burr, J.F. (2020). Repeated application of a novel creatine cream improves muscular peak and average power in male subjects. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(9), 2482\u20132491. 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003730"},{"issue":"9","key":"r32","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090946","article-title":"Can magnesium enhance exercise performance?","volume":"9","author":"Zhang, Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xun, P., Wang, R., Mao, L., & He, K. (2017). Can magnesium enhance exercise performance? Nutrients, 9(9), Article 946. 10.3390\/nu9090946"},{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/20024091054247","article-title":"Magnesium and exercise","volume":"42","author":"Bohl, C.H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bohl, C.H., & Volpe, S.L. (2002). Magnesium and exercise. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 42(6), 533\u2013563. 10.1080\/20024091054247"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Medicine Exercise Nutrition and Health,","first-page":"230","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on exercise time to exhaustion","volume":"4","author":"Brilla, L.R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brilla, L.R., & Gunther, K.B. (1995). Effect of magnesium supplementation on exercise time to exhaustion. Medicine Exercise Nutrition and Health, 4, 230\u2013233."},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.003","article-title":"Arterial stiffness results from eccentrically biased downhill running exercise","volume":"18","author":"Burr, J.F.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burr, J.F., Boulter, M., & Beck, K. (2015). Arterial stiffness results from eccentrically biased downhill running exercise. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(2), 230\u2013235. 10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.710","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running","volume":"59","author":"Byrnes, W.C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Byrnes, W.C., Clarkson, P.M., White, J.S., Hsieh, S.S., Frykman, P.N., & Maughan, R.J. (1985). Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59(3), 710\u2013715. 10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.3.710"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085486","article-title":"Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise","volume":"9","author":"Chen, H.Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, H.Y., Cheng, F.C., Pan, H.C., Hsu, J.C., & Wang, M.F. (2014). Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS One, 9(1), Article e85486. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0085486"},{"issue":"8","key":"r6","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081927","article-title":"Impact of magnesium supplementation in muscle damage of professional cyclists competing in a stage race","volume":"11","author":"C\u00f3rdova, A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdova, A., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Fernandez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Roche, E., & Caballero-Garc\u00eda, A. (2019). Impact of magnesium supplementation in muscle damage of professional cyclists competing in a stage race. Nutrients, 11(8), Article 1927. 10.3390\/nu11081927"},{"issue":"6","key":"r7","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3","article-title":"Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults","volume":"2015","author":"Derry, S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Derry, S., Moore, R.A., Gaskell, H., Mcintyre, M., & Wiffen, P.J. (2015). Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(6), Article CD007402. 10.1002\/14651858.CD007402.pub3"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Medical Biochemistry,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2016-0021","article-title":"ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation","volume":"35","author":"Dmitra\u0161inovi\u0107, G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dmitra\u0161inovi\u0107, G., Pe\u0161i\u0107, V., Stani\u0107, D., Ple\u0107a\u0161-Solarovi\u0107, B., Dajak, M., & Ignjatovi\u0107, S. (2016). ACTH, cortisol and IL-6 levels in athletes following magnesium supplementation. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 35(4), 375\u2013384. 10.1515\/jomb-2016-0021"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.419","article-title":"Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study","volume":"84","author":"Dominguez, L.J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Barbagallo, M., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Bos, A., Corsi, A.M., Simonsick, E.M., & Ferrucci, L. (2006). Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2), 419\u2013426. 10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.419"},{"issue":"5","key":"r10","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8","article-title":"Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women","volume":"51","author":"Elliott-Sale, K.J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott-Sale, K.J., Minahan, C.L., de Jonge, X.A.K.J., Ackerman, K.E., Sipil\u00e4, S., Constantini, N.W., Lebrun, C.M., & Hackney, A.C. (2021). Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 843\u2013861. 10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"r11","series-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f2863","article-title":"Effects of MagPro on muscle performance","volume":"26","author":"Gulick, D.T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gulick, D.T., Agarwal, M., Josephs, J., Reinmiller, A., & Zimmerman, B. (2012). Effects of MagPro on muscle performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2478\u20132483. 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f2863"},{"issue":"22","key":"r12","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228452","article-title":"Antioxidants and exercise performance: With a focus on vitamin E and C supplementation","volume":"17","author":"Higgins, M.R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higgins, M.R., Izadi, A., & Kaviani, M. (2020). Antioxidants and exercise performance: With a focus on vitamin E and C supplementation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), Article 8452. 10.3390\/ijerph17228452"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Clinical Kidney Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","article-title":"Magnesium basics","volume":"5","author":"Jahnen-Dechent, W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent, W., & Ketteler, M. (2012). Magnesium basics. Clinical Kidney Journal, 5, i3\u2013i14. 10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174817","article-title":"Effect of transdermal magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Kass, L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kass, L., Rosanoff, A., Tanner, A., Sullivan, K., McAuley, W., & Plesset, M. (2017). Effect of transdermal magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study. PLoS One, 12(4), Article e0174817. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0174817"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0081-z","article-title":"The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults","volume":"12","author":"Kass, L.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kass, L.S., & Poeira, F. (2015). The effect of acute vs chronic magnesium supplementation on exercise and recovery on resistance exercise, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance on normotensive adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), Article 19. 10.1186\/s12970-015-0081-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2013.848967","article-title":"Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment","volume":"21","author":"Lau, W.Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lau, W.Y., Muthalib, M., & Nosaka, K. (2013). Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 21(4), 320\u2013326. 10.3109\/10582452.2013.848967"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Bone,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115886","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation enhances mTOR signalling to facilitate myogenic differentiation and improve aged muscle performance","volume":"146","author":"Liu, Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Fu, R., Zhou, T., Long, C., He, T., Yang, D., Li, Z., & Peng, S. (2021). Magnesium supplementation enhances mTOR signalling to facilitate myogenic differentiation and improve aged muscle performance. Bone, 146, Article 115886. 10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115886"},{"issue":"7","key":"r18","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0345","article-title":"Topical sodium bicarbonate: No improvement in blood buffering capacity or exercise performance","volume":"15","author":"McKay, A.K.A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKay, A.K.A., Peeling, P., Binnie, M.J., Goods, P.S.R., Sim, M., Cross, R., & Siegler, J. (2020). Topical sodium bicarbonate: No improvement in blood buffering capacity or exercise performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 1005\u20131011. 10.1123\/ijspp.2019-0345"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Medicina Sportiva,","first-page":"2482","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation in top athletes-effects and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Nica, A.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nica, A.S., Caramoci, A., Vasilescu, M., Ionescu, A.M., Paduraru, D., & Mazilu, V. (2015). Magnesium supplementation in top athletes-effects and recommendations. Medicina Sportiva, 11(1), 2482\u20132494."},{"key":"r20","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol cream on soreness and performance after exercise in untrained individuals","author":"Pastina, J.T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pastina, J.T. (2023). The effects of cannabidiol cream on soreness and performance after exercise in untrained individuals [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Kentucky. https:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/khp_etds\/105"},{"issue":"3","key":"r21","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016","article-title":"Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise","volume":"122","author":"Peake, J.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peake, J.M., Neubauer, O., Gatta, P.A.D., & Nosaka, K. (2017). Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(3), 559\u2013570. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.829126","article-title":"The effects of topical Arnica on performance, pain and muscle damage after intense eccentric exercise","volume":"14","author":"Pumpa, K.L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pumpa, K.L., Fallon, K.E., Bensoussan, A., & Papalia, S. (2014). The effects of topical Arnica on performance, pain and muscle damage after intense eccentric exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(3), 294\u2013300. 10.1080\/17461391.2013.829126"},{"issue":"10","key":"r23","series-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0467","article-title":"Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18-64\u00a0years and adults aged 65\u00a0years or older: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep","volume":"45","author":"Ross, R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross, R., Chaput, J.P., Giangregorio, L.M., Janssen, I., Saunders, T.J., Kho, M.E., Poitras, V.J., Tomasone, J.R., El-Kotob, R., McLaughlin, E.C., Duggan, M., Carrier, J., Carson, V., Chastin, S.F., Latimer-Cheung, A.E., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Faulkner, G., Flood, S.M., Gazendam, M.K., ... Tremblay, M.S. (2020). Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18-64\u00a0years and adults aged 65\u00a0years or older: An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 45(10), S57\u2013S102. 10.1139\/apnm-2020-0467"},{"issue":"5","key":"r24","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.828847","article-title":"Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: Effects of magnesium supplementation","volume":"32","author":"Setaro, L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Setaro, L., Santos-Silva, P.R., Nakano, E.Y., Sales, C.H., Nunes, N., Greve, J.M., & Colli, C. (2014). Magnesium status and the physical performance of volleyball players: Effects of magnesium supplementation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(5), 438\u2013445. 10.1080\/02640414.2013.828847"},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","series-title":"Journal of Exercise Physiology Online,","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of lactigo\u2122 topical gel as an ergogenic aid","volume":"19","author":"Sharpe, T.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharpe, T.M., & Macias, C.J. (2016). Evaluation of the efficacy of lactigo\u2122 topical gel as an ergogenic aid. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 19(3), 15\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"r26","series-title":"Magnesium Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0279","article-title":"Submaximal exercise intensities do not provoke variations in plasma magnesium concentration in well-trained euhydrated endurance athletes with no magnesium deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Soria, M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soria, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Haro, C., L\u00f3pez-Col\u00f3n, J.L., Llorente, M.T., & Escanero, J.F. (2011). Submaximal exercise intensities do not provoke variations in plasma magnesium concentration in well-trained euhydrated endurance athletes with no magnesium deficiency. Magnesium Research, 24(2), 36\u201344. 10.1684\/mrh.2011.0279"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"r27","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04238-y","article-title":"One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running","volume":"119","author":"Steward, C.J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steward, C.J., Zhou, Y., Keane, G., Cook, M.D., Liu, Y., & Cullen, T. (2019). One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(11\u201312), 2617\u20132627. 10.1007\/s00421-019-04238-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"BioPsychoSocial Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-019-0159-y","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia induced by magnesium overuse: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Sugimoto, H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sugimoto, H., & Yamada, U. (2019). Iron deficiency anemia induced by magnesium overuse: A case report. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 13(1), Article 18. 10.1186\/s13030-019-0159-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Current Sports Medicine Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000178","article-title":"Magnesium and the athlete","volume":"14","author":"Volpe, S.L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volpe, S.L. (2015). Magnesium and the athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(4), 279\u2013283. 10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000178"},{"issue":"11","key":"r30","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111189","article-title":"Dietary magnesium may be protective for aging of bone and skeletal muscle in middle and younger older age men and women: Cross-sectional findings from the UK biobank cohort","volume":"9","author":"Welch, A.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Welch, A.A., Skinner, J., & Hickson, M. (2017). Dietary magnesium may be protective for aging of bone and skeletal muscle in middle and younger older age men and women: Cross-sectional findings from the UK biobank cohort. Nutrients, 9(11), Article 1189. 10.3390\/nu9111189"},{"issue":"9","key":"r31","series-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003730","article-title":"Repeated application of a novel creatine cream improves muscular peak and average power in male subjects","volume":"34","author":"Whinton, A.K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whinton, A.K., Donahoe, K., Gao, R., Thompson, K.M.A., Aubry, R., Saunders, T.J., Johnston, A., Chilibeck, P.D., & Burr, J.F. (2020). Repeated application of a novel creatine cream improves muscular peak and average power in male subjects. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(9), 2482\u20132491. 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003730"},{"issue":"9","key":"r32","series-title":"Nutrients,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090946","article-title":"Can magnesium enhance exercise performance?","volume":"9","author":"Zhang, Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xun, P., Wang, R., Mao, L., & He, K. (2017). Can magnesium enhance exercise performance? Nutrients, 9(9), Article 946. 10.3390\/nu9090946"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/5\/article-p416.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/5\/article-p416.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/5\/article-p416.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:47:43Z","timestamp":1781128063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijsnem\/35\/5\/article-p416.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-484X","1543-2742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-484X","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}