{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:23:25Z","timestamp":1790267005921,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Caffeine enhances endurance performance but may impair shooting accuracy, creating a potential trade-off for overall biathlon performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, seven elite male biathletes consumed caffeine (3\u00a0mg\/kg) or taste-matched placebo 60\u00a0min before a simulated biathlon competition consisting of five \u201claps\u201d of 6-min treadmill skiing interspersed by four five-shot bouts. Participants further performed precision shooting (20 prone and 20 standing) pre- and postcompetition. Caffeine increased distance covered in Laps 1 (1,824\u2009\u00b1\u200973 vs. 1,772\u2009\u00b1\u200966\u00a0m;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.03,\n                    <jats:italic>dz<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.12) and 2 (1,801\u2009\u00b1\u200992 vs. 1,776\u2009\u00b1\u200984\u00a0m;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.02,\n                    <jats:italic>dz<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.19) but did not improve total distance (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.06). Blood lactate (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.01,\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    ) and ventilation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001,\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    ) increased with caffeine. Heart rate (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.07) and perceived exertion (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.69) did not differ between conditions. Caffeine impaired shooting accuracy in standing (72.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.0% vs. 82.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.03,\n                    <jats:italic>dz<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.87), but not prone. Integrated race times did not differ between conditions for individual (71.72\u2009\u00b1\u20095.27 vs. 71.58\u2009\u00b1\u20094.57\u00a0min), mass start (52.45\u2009\u00b1\u20093.67 vs. 52.57\u2009\u00b1\u20093.27\u00a0min), or pursuit (44.18\u2009\u00b1\u20093.18 vs. 44.23\u2009\u00b1\u20092.83\u00a0min; all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.77) formats. Caffeine impaired postexercise precision shooting in prone position (88.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.0% vs. 93.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.04,\n                    <jats:italic>dz<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.65). Our findings highlight task-specific effects of caffeine, emphasizing the importance of tailoring supplementation to integrated performance demands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T02:17:24Z","timestamp":1770689844000},"page":"109-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Acute Caffeine Supplementation on Integrated Biathlon Performance in Elite Male Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8261-4940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helena","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6544-9677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ceren","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-5668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Appelhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-1498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Craig A.","family":"Staunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, \u00d6stersund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Bioscience, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, \u00d6stersund, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-7955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0054-1268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"Leitlauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olympic Training Center Thuringia, State Sports Federation Thuringia, Erfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Brandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olympic Training Center Thuringia, State Sports Federation Thuringia, Erfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlheinz","family":"Waibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Ski Association, Planegg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-2069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karsten","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.844883","article-title":"A scientific perspective on reducing ski-snow friction to improve performance in Olympic cross-country skiing, the biathlon and Nordic combined","volume":"4","author":"Almqvist, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almqvist, A., Pellegrini, B., Lintzen, N., Emami, N., Holmberg, H.C., & Larsson, R. 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