{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:29:59Z","timestamp":1790630999765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review outlines recent advances in race nutrition support for professional road cycling, emphasizing individualized, context-specific strategies over generic recommendations. Within the past couple of decades, there have been several changes in nutritional demands and practices within road cycling including (1) a change in the distribution of intensity across a stage or 1-day race; (2) an increase in \u201con-bike\u201d carbohydrate intake coinciding with integrated \u201ctraining the gut\u201d practices; and (3) better maintenance of neutral energy balance across stage races. Specifically, race tactics now, generally demand a higher intensity earlier within a stage (or 1-day race), thereby also increasing energy and carbohydrate requirements and utilization early on within a stage. Concomitantly, there has been an increase in reported intake of carbohydrates \u201con-bike,\u201d from \u223c30 to 60\u00a0g\/hr pre-2010, to 90 and even 120\u00a0g\/hr and higher in the present day. There is also evidence that the maintenance of energy balance across stage races has improved over this timeframe. These topics are discussed in detail alongside additional nutritional challenges and strategies relevant to professional road cycling, such as daily energy, fluid, and macronutrient distribution, which are often tailored to rider characteristics (e.g.,\u00a0body size, role, performance goals) and race-specific factors (e.g.,\u00a0course profile, environmental conditions).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:54:06Z","timestamp":1774979646000},"page":"215-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Race Nutrition for Road Cycling"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Asker E.","family":"Jeukendrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Red Bull BORA Hansgrohe, Niederndorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Redegeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visma Lease a Bike, Den Bosch, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visma Lease a Bike, Den Bosch, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-8872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamie","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Metabolism and Performance, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-8082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Metabolism and Performance, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-9132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Mujika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country"},{"name":"Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-7601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eimear","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (FMUSP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-0074","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier T.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00973.2003","article-title":"Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state","volume":"96","author":"Achten, J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Achten, J., Halson, S.L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M.P., Casey, A., & Jeukendrup, A.E. 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