{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:17:10Z","timestamp":1789535830975,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":270,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintaining adequate energy availability is a key concern for many cyclists, many of whom must balance the need to support their very high training and competition energy expenditure while simultaneously adopting nutritional strategies that will allow them to maintain the body mass deemed most conducive to optimal performance. Available evidence indicates that cyclists tend to be a weight-conscious group that frequently reports engaging in restrictive eating behaviors. Together, the dual demands of supporting the energetic cost of their training alongside restricting energy intake to maintain a low body mass may place some riders at a high risk of experiencing negative health- and performance-related consequences associated with prolonged and problematically low energy availability. Within this review, we critically discuss issues related to the role of body mass and composition in cycling performance along with cyclists\u2019 reported perceptions on this issue. We also describe evidence on reported energy expenditure and intake in high-level cyclists, recognizing the challenges of accurate assessment of these parameters, particularly within the field setting. Evidence related to signs and signals of problematic low energy availability in cyclists is described, also recognizing the complexity of determining causality for longer term low energy availability consequences alongside identifying other potential contributory factors to the symptomatology reported for this population. Finally, we make pragmatic recommendations to support cyclists to meet their physique goals while simultaneously emphasizing and supporting longer term health, performance, and well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025-0255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1774894891000},"page":"305-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Body Composition, Energy Requirements, and Energy Availability in Cycling"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8866-5637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9939-0074","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier T.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-1223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose L.","family":"Areta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-9902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan A.","family":"Kuikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-3085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology and Performance Lab, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-837X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Science Group, Cycling Academy, Lutry, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uno-X Mobility Cycling Team, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-7601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eimear","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"r1","series-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107359","article-title":"Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): A narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs","volume":"57","author":"Ackerman, K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ackerman, K., Rogers, M., Heikura, I., Burke, L., Stellingwerff, T., Hackney, A., Verhagen, E., Schley, S., Saville, G., Mountjoy, M., & Holtzman, B. 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