{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:41:09Z","timestamp":1792600869707,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Athletes report consuming nutritionally dense foods before and during exercise to manage gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). The study investigated whether fat, compared with carbohydrate (CHO), as a gut-training supplement, compromises gastrointestinal integrity and triggers systemic inflammation in response to endurance exercise. Thirty-six endurance athletes (seven females and 29 males) completed a preintervention gut-challenge trial (T1), involving a 2-hr run (60%\n                    <jats:inline-formula\/>\n                    ) with CHO gel intake every 20\u00a0min (87\u00a0g\/hr), followed by a 1-hr self-paced distance test. Participants were randomized to a fat (FFC; 20\u00a0g nut butter) or CHO supplement (CFC; 47\u00a0g CHO gel) for a feeding-challenge protocol (1\u00a0hr exercise with supplement for 7\u00a0days), followed by a gut-challenge retrial (T2). During T1 and T2, blood samples were collected before and after exercise to measure intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Pre- to postexercise peak responses were similar within and between groups for plasma I-FABP (FFC: 254\u2009\u00b1\u2009495 vs. 349\u2009\u00b1\u2009622 pg\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.911; CFC: 344\u2009\u00b1\u2009336 vs. 421\u2009\u00b1\u2009362 pg\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.501; between groups T1:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.404; T2:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.440) and sCD14 (FFC: 0.346\u2009\u00b1\u20090.703 vs. 0.175\u2009\u00b1\u20090.603\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.509; CFC: 0.336\u2009\u00b1\u20090.522 vs. 0.546\u2009\u00b1\u20090.777\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.587; between groups T1:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.888; T2:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.149). CRP was significantly reduced in CFC (0.327\u2009\u00b1\u20090.449 vs. 0.062\u2009\u00b1\u20090.231\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.030) but not in FFC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.351). Total-GIS severity during exercise or recovery were not correlated with I-FABP, sCD14, and CRP. The repetitive feeding-challenge with fat, compared with CHO, did not increase markers of gastrointestinal injury, bacterial endotoxin translocation, and systemic inflammation in response to endurance exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2026-0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T02:02:49Z","timestamp":1786672969000},"page":"601-611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of a Repetitive Feeding Challenge With Carbohydrate Versus Fat on Markers of Gastrointestinal Integrity and Systemic Outcomes in Response to Endurance Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8288-5409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabel G.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-6325","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Biesiekierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Human Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4843-1294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-486X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo J.S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"Wilderness and Environmental Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2018.06.004","article-title":"Case study: Providing nutritional support to an ultraendurance runner in preparation for a self-sufficient multistage ultramarathon: Rationed versus full energy provisions","volume":"29","author":"Alcock, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alcock, R., McCubbin, A., Cam\u00f5es-Costa, V., & Costa, R.J.S. 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