{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:41:15Z","timestamp":1792600875601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n This exploratory study examined the effect of carbohydrate and subsequent energy availability (EA) on training adaptations, health, and sleep metrics across a 7-week preseason in semiprofessional female rugby union athletes. Full food provision on training days (four\/week) manipulated carbohydrate intake: 6 versus 3\u00a0g\u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7day\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n for intervention (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20097) and CON (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20096), respectively while standardizing protein intake (>1.2\u00a0g\u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7day\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ). Nontraining days involved\n ad libitum<\/jats:italic>\n intake. Quantification of exercise energy expenditure via an individually calibrated wearable device allowed estimation of EA. Strength (three-repetition max squat, bench pull, and bench press), Bronco shuttle time; countermovement jump; biomarkers including iron studies, thyroid function, and cholesterol; sleep metrics; and physique (four-compartment model) were assessed before and after preseason. Training day carbohydrate intake was higher in intervention than CON (6.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. 3.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0g\u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7day\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), resulting in higher EA across the preseason (45.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8 vs. 29.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u00a0kcal\u00b7kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n fat-free mass\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n \u00b7day\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001). Significant time effects were observed for bench pull (+3.6\u00a0kg,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.024) and bench press (+4.6\u00a0kg,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.011), fat mass (\u22121.1\u00a0kg,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001), fat-free mass (+1.2\u00a0kg,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.025), and ferritin (\u221229\u00a0\u03bcg\/L,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.009). No significant interaction was observed for training adaptations, physique, or biochemical markers. Greater sleep duration was observed in CON on training nights,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 156.072)\u2009=\u20095.821,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.017, although other sleep metrics showed limited between-group differences. While increased carbohydrate intake improved EA, it had limited effect on training adaptations, health, or sleep metrics in this small, exploratory cohort.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2026-0112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:02:12Z","timestamp":1788573732000},"page":"631-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Guideline-Based Carbohydrate Intake on Training Adaptations, Health, and Sleep in Female Rugby Athletes: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1303-1092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebekka","family":"Frazer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-8789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher 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Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-608X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-3878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shona L.","family":"Halson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-8228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander H.K.","family":"Montoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Montcalm Community College, Sidney, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-1807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiona","family":"Pelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-4885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Weakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centere, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, 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