{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:56:51Z","timestamp":1788537411277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed (1) to determine whether paced breathing (synchronization of the expiration phase with poling time) would reduce the metabolic rate and dictate a lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE) than does spontaneous breathing and (2) to analyze the effects of paced breathing on poling forces and stride-mechanics organization during roller-ski skating exercises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen well-trained cross-country skiers performed 8 submaximal roller-skiing exercises on a motorized driven treadmill with 4 modes of skiing (2 skating techniques, V2 and V2A, at 2 exercise intensities) by using 2 patterns of breathing (unconscious vs conscious). Poling forces and stride-mechanics organization were measured with a transducer mounted in ski poles. Oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) was continuously collected. After each bout of exercise RPE was assessed by the subject.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No difference was observed for VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>between spontaneous and paced breathing conditions, although RPE was lower with paced breathing (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; .05). Upper-limb cycle time and recovery time were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; .05) increased by paced breathing during V2A regardless of the exercise intensity, but no changes for poling time were observed. A slight trend of increased peak force with paced breathing was observed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .055).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of a marked effect of paced breathing on VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and some biomechanical variables could be explained by the extensive experience of our subjects in cross-country skiing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2.1.46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T12:08:06Z","timestamp":1470830886000},"page":"46-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Paced Breathing in Roller-Ski Skating: Effects on Metabolic Rate and Poling Forces"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fabre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Perrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Arbez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Denis","family":"Rouillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019923","volume":"471","author":"Bernasconi P","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.2.570","volume":"65","author":"Hill AR","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(96)00082-5","volume":"106","author":"Rassler B","year":"1996","journal-title":"Respir Physiol."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422959","volume":"54","author":"Garlando F","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000053657.42138.3F","volume":"35","author":"Seebauer M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-004-0462-x","volume":"90","author":"Daffertshofer A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Cybern."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.1.233","volume":"87","author":"Siegmund GP","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199405000-00014","volume":"26","author":"Maclennan SE","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.4.1375","volume":"72","author":"MacDonald ML","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.27.5.1243","volume":"27","author":"Amazeen PG","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419408732171","volume":"12","author":"Faria IE","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199205001-00972","volume":"24","author":"O\u02bcHagan KP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.5.915","volume":"200","author":"Funk G","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Biol."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211141","volume":"262","author":"Bramble DM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"273","volume":"12","author":"Lee H","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Physiol Sci."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000162615.47763.C8","volume":"37","author":"Holmberg HC","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_17","first-page":"167","volume":"10","author":"Rundell KW","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199811000-00014","volume":"30","author":"Millet GY","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971953","volume":"19","author":"Perrey S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0765-1597(00)80017-9","volume":"15","author":"Vallier JM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci Sports."},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"377","volume":"14","author":"Borg GA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199811000-00013","volume":"30","author":"Millet GY","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971954","volume":"19","author":"Millet GY","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00018","volume":"30","author":"Millet GY","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.2.475","volume":"57","author":"Weissman C","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp012059","volume":"272","author":"Bechbache RR","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050238","volume":"76","author":"Takano N","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.1.61","volume":"22","author":"Stenberg J","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019779","volume":"468","author":"Takano N","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.131","volume":"89","author":"Harms CA","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00618488","volume":"70","author":"Bernasconi P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"512","volume":"22","author":"Patterson RP","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419108729880","volume":"9","author":"Sanderson DJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/2\/1\/article-p46.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/2\/1\/article-p46.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T17:56:16Z","timestamp":1657043776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/2\/1\/article-p46.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2.1.46","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}