{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:28:58Z","timestamp":1791890938846,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the ergogenic effects of a commercial energy drink (Red Bull) or an equivalent dose of anhydrous caffeine in comparison with a noncaffeinated control beverage on cycling performance. Eleven trained male cyclists (31.7 \u00b1 5.9 y 82.3 \u00b1 6.1 kg, V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> = 60.3 \u00b1 7.8 mL \u00b7 kg<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study involving 3 experimental conditions. Participants were randomly administered Red Bull (9.4 mL\/kg body mass [BM] containing 3 mg\/kg BM caffeine), anhydrous caffeine (3 mg\/kg BM given in capsule form), or a placebo 90 min before commencing a time trial equivalent to 1 h cycling at 75% peak power output. Carbohydrate and fluid volumes were matched across all trials. Performance improved by 109 \u00b1 153 s (2.8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .039) after Red Bull compared with placebo and by 120 \u00b1 172 s (3.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .043) after caffeine compared with placebo. No significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; .05) in performance time was detected between Red Bull and caffeine treatments. There was no significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; .05) in mean heart rate or rating of perceived exertion among the 3 treatments. This study demonstrated that a moderate dose of caffeine consumed as either Red Bull or in anhydrous form enhanced cycling time-trial performance. The ergogenic benefits of Red Bull energy drink are therefore most likely due to the effects of caffeine, with the other ingredients not likely to offer additional benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T18:14:44Z","timestamp":1424801684000},"page":"897-901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The Effects of Red Bull Energy Drink Compared With Caffeine on Cycling Time-Trial Performance"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alannah","family":"Quinlivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheilandra","family":"Anoopkumar-Dukie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leveritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Desbrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/10\/7\/article-p897.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/10\/7\/article-p897.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:43:51Z","timestamp":1652985831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/10\/7\/article-p897.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}}}