{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:48:12Z","timestamp":1782485292297,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic><jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic> To examine whether donning lower-body garments fitted with cooled phase change material (PCM) would enhance recovery after a soccer match. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic><jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic> In a randomized, crossover design, 11 elite soccer players from the reserve squad of a team in the second-highest league in England wore PCM cooled to 15\u00b0C (PCM<jats:sub>cold<\/jats:sub>) or left at ambient temperature (PCM<jats:sub>amb<\/jats:sub>; sham control) for 3\u00a0h after a soccer match. To assess recovery, countermovement jump height, maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC), muscle soreness, and the adapted Brief Assessment of Mood Questionnaire (BAM+) were measured before 12, 36, and 60\u00a0h after each match. A belief questionnaire was completed preintervention and postintervention to determine the perceived effectiveness of each garment. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic><jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic> Results are comparisons between the 2 conditions at each time point postmatch. MIVC at 36\u00a0h postmatch was greater with PCM<jats:sub>cold<\/jats:sub> versus PCM<jats:sub>warm<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01; ES\u2009=\u20091.59; 95% CI, 3.9\u201317.1%). MIVC also tended to be higher at 60\u00a0h postmatch (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.05; ES\u2009=\u20090.85; 95% CI, \u22120.4% to 11.1%). Muscle soreness was 26.5% lower in PCM<jats:sub>cold<\/jats:sub> versus PCM<jats:sub>warm<\/jats:sub> at 36\u00a0h (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02; ES\u2009=\u20091.7; 95% CI, \u221250.4 to \u221216.1\u00a0mm) and 24.3% lower at 60\u00a0h (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04; ES\u2009=\u20091.1; 95% CI, \u221226.9 to \u22120.874\u00a0mm). There were no between-conditions differences in postmatch countermovement jump height or BAM+ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). The belief questionnaire revealed that players felt the PCM<jats:sub>cold<\/jats:sub> was more effective than the PCM<jats:sub>amb<\/jats:sub> after the intervention (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic><jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic> PCM cooling garments provide a practical means of delivering prolonged postexercise cooling and thereby accelerate recovery in elite soccer players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T14:35:39Z","timestamp":1504622139000},"page":"584-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cryotherapy Reinvented: Application of Phase Change Material for Recovery in Elite Soccer"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Clifford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Y.","family":"Kwiecien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glyn","family":"Howatson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malachy P.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2008.11076746","article-title":"Optimizing the performance of phase-change materials in personal protective clothing systems","volume":"14","author":"Reinertsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090061","article-title":"Cold water immersion and recovery from strenuous exercise: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Leeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","article-title":"Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Saw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1277003","article-title":"Cooling interventions for athletes: an overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations","volume":"4","author":"Bongers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.97","article-title":"Inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration and tissue remodeling: application to exercise-induced muscle damage management","volume":"94","author":"Chazaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x","article-title":"Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running","volume":"20","author":"Howatson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0380","article-title":"The effects of compression garment pressure on recovery from strenuous exercise","volume":"12","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-017-0353-x","article-title":"Skin temperature changes after exercise and cold water immersion","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3290-x","article-title":"The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise","volume":"116","author":"Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510361236","article-title":"Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate","volume":"38","author":"Dupont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"407","article-title":"The efficacy of cooling with phase change material for the treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage: pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Kwiecien","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00036.2013","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: benefit or detriment?","volume":"115","author":"Urso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.09.012","article-title":"Measuring recovery: an adapted brief assessment of mood (BAM+) compared to biochemical and power output alterations","volume":"20","author":"Shearer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.4.284","article-title":"The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury?","volume":"37","author":"Toumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ac7adb","article-title":"Time course of leukocyte accumulation in human muscle after eccentric exercise","volume":"42","author":"Paulsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.97","article-title":"Inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration and tissue remodeling: application to exercise-induced muscle damage management","volume":"94","author":"Chazaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090061","article-title":"Cold water immersion and recovery from strenuous exercise: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Leeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1277003","article-title":"Cooling interventions for athletes: an overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations","volume":"4","author":"Bongers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.09.012","article-title":"Measuring recovery: an adapted brief assessment of mood (BAM+) compared to biochemical and power output alterations","volume":"20","author":"Shearer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-017-0353-x","article-title":"Skin temperature changes after exercise and cold water immersion","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"407","article-title":"The efficacy of cooling with phase change material for the treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage: pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Kwiecien","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b8497","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: effects of active recovery","volume":"40","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2008.11076746","article-title":"Optimizing the performance of phase-change materials in personal protective clothing systems","volume":"14","author":"Reinertsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838070-00005","article-title":"The effect of muscle-damaging exercise on blood and skeletal muscle oxidative stress: magnitude and time-course considerations","volume":"38","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073965","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to muscle injury and impair its resolution after lengthening contractions in mice","volume":"562","author":"Pizza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0380","article-title":"The effects of compression garment pressure on recovery from strenuous exercise","volume":"12","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.526132","article-title":"Effects of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance and muscle damage following a one-off soccer match","volume":"29","author":"Ascensao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3290-x","article-title":"The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise","volume":"116","author":"Clifford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref391","article-title":"The BASES expert statement on athletic recovery strategies","author":"Howatson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Sci."},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000348","article-title":"Postexercise cold water immersion benefits are not greater than the placebo effect","volume":"46","author":"Broatch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001196","article-title":"Etiology and recovery of neuromuscular fatigue after simulated soccer match play","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b8497","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: effects of active recovery","volume":"40","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294569","article-title":"Prolonged superficial local cryotherapy attenuates microcirculatory impairment, regional inflammation, and muscle necrosis after closed soft tissue injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Schaser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272881","article-title":"The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise","volume":"595","author":"Peake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2002.32.2.58","article-title":"What mechanisms contribute to the strength loss that occurs during and in the recovery from skeletal muscle injury?","volume":"32","author":"Warren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Sport Phys"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272881","article-title":"The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise","volume":"595","author":"Peake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0528-7","article-title":"Minimal evidence for a secondary loss of strength after an acute muscle injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"997","article-title":"Recovery in soccer: part I\u2014post-match fatigue and time course of recovery","volume":"42","author":"Nedelec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510361236","article-title":"Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate","volume":"38","author":"Dupont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3245-2","article-title":"Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players","volume":"116","author":"Mohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","article-title":"Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Saw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-012-0002-0","article-title":"Recovery in soccer: part ii-recovery strategies","volume":"43","author":"Nedelec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838070-00005","article-title":"The effect of muscle-damaging exercise on blood and skeletal muscle oxidative stress: magnitude and time-course considerations","volume":"38","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001196","article-title":"Etiology and recovery of neuromuscular fatigue after simulated soccer match play","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073965","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to muscle injury and impair its resolution after lengthening contractions in mice","volume":"562","author":"Pizza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0528-7","article-title":"Minimal evidence for a secondary loss of strength after an acute muscle injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.4.284","article-title":"The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury?","volume":"37","author":"Toumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294569","article-title":"Prolonged superficial local cryotherapy attenuates microcirculatory impairment, regional inflammation, and muscle necrosis after closed soft tissue injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Schaser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00036.2013","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: benefit or detriment?","volume":"115","author":"Urso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"The BASES expert statement on athletic recovery strategies","author":"Howatson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Sci."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"997","article-title":"Recovery in soccer: part I\u2014post-match fatigue and time course of recovery","volume":"42","author":"Nedelec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2002.32.2.58","article-title":"What mechanisms contribute to the strength loss that occurs during and in the recovery from skeletal muscle injury?","volume":"32","author":"Warren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Sport Phys"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-012-0002-0","article-title":"Recovery in soccer: part ii-recovery strategies","volume":"43","author":"Nedelec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077","article-title":"Lengthening our perspective: morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise","volume":"49","author":"Hyldahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3245-2","article-title":"Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players","volume":"116","author":"Mohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ac7adb","article-title":"Time course of leukocyte accumulation in human muscle after eccentric exercise","volume":"42","author":"Paulsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077","article-title":"Lengthening our perspective: morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise","volume":"49","author":"Hyldahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x","article-title":"Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running","volume":"20","author":"Howatson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000348","article-title":"Postexercise cold water immersion benefits are not greater than the placebo effect","volume":"46","author":"Broatch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.526132","article-title":"Effects of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance and muscle damage following a one-off soccer match","volume":"29","author":"Ascensao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/13\/5\/article-p584.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/13\/5\/article-p584.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:46:15Z","timestamp":1652985975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/13\/5\/article-p584.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}}}