{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T03:30:08Z","timestamp":1781062208845,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic>Long-distance cross-country skiers specialize to compete in races &gt;50\u00a0km predominantly using double poling (DP). This emphasizes the need for highly developed upper-body endurance capacities and an efficient DP technique. The aim of this study was to investigate potential effects of specialization by comparing physiological capacities and kinematics in DP between long-distance skiers and skiers competing using both techniques (skating\/classic) in several competition formats (\u201call-round skiers\u201d).<jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic>Seven male long-distance (32 [6]\u00a0y, 183 [6]\u00a0cm, 76 [5]\u00a0kg) and 6 all-round (25 [3]\u00a0y, 181 [5]\u00a0cm, 75 [6]\u00a0kg) skiers at high international levels conducted submaximal workloads and an incremental test to exhaustion for determination of peak oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak) and time to exhaustion (TTE) in DP and running.<jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic>In DP and running maximal tests, TTE showed no difference between groups. However, long-distance skiers had 5\u20136% lower VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak in running (81 [5] vs 85 [3]\u00a0mL\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.07) and DP (73 [3] vs 78 [3]\u00a0mL\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) than all-round skiers. In DP, long-distance skiers displayed lower submaximal O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>cost than all-round skiers (3.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) without any major differences in cycle times or cyclic patterns of joint angles and center of mass. Lactate concentration over a wide range of speeds (45\u201385% of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak) did not differ between groups, even though each workload corresponded to a slightly higher percentage of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak for long-distance skiers (effect size: 0.30\u20130.68).<jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic>The long-distance skiers displayed lower VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak but compensated with lower O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>cost to perform equally with the all-round skiers on a short TTE test in DP. Furthermore, similar submaximal lactate concentration and reduced O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>cost could be beneficial in sustaining high skiing speeds in long-duration competitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T19:30:01Z","timestamp":1551900601000},"page":"1190-1199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Double-Poling Physiology and Kinematics of Elite Cross-Country Skiers: Specialized Long-Distance Versus All-Round Skiers"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Skattebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Losnegard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans 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